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• W1687178906 abstract "The value of looking to international and comparative law, in particular on questions related to equality, is one important theme that emerges from Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's twenty years on the Supreme Court. This perspective dates to her career as practicing attorney. The first matter she briefed to the Court, in 1971, included citations to two cases from the then-West German Constitutional Court. (23) Justice Ginsburg has said that she did not expect the Court would cite these cases in its opinion, but rather hoped that they might have a positive psychological effect. If our Supreme Court noticed what the West German Constitutional Court was doing, the Justices might ponder: 'How far behind can we be?' (24) Since that time, she has helped shape our--and the Court's--evolving notion of the place of international and foreign law in U.S. jurisprudence. Her years on the Court have been marked by its growing attentiveness to legal developments around the world, as well as recognition that the United States should keep pace with these changes. While always cognizant of the fact that only U.S. law provides binding precedent for the Court, Justice Ginsburg has provided crucial voice for looking beyond our borders to add to the store of knowledge relevant to the solution of trying questions. (25) No decision of hers better embodies this approach than her concurring opinion in Grutter v. Bollinger. (26) After being denied admission to the University of Michigan Law School, Barbara Grutter, white woman, alleged that she had been discriminated against on the basis of her race and sued to challenge the validity of the school's affirmative action admissions program. (27) The Court found that the admissions process did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection guarantee, and that diversity was sufficiently compelling interest to permit the consideration of race as practiced by the law school's admissions program. (28) In her concurring opinion in Grutter, Justice Ginsburg relied upon international human rights law, and in particular upon two United Nations Conventions, to support her conclusions. Citing the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, (29) she noted that: The Court's observation that race-conscious programs have logical end point, accords with the international understanding ... of affirmative action. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, ratified by the United States in 1994 ... instructs [that affirmative action measures] shall in no case entail as consequence the maintenance of unequal or separate rights for different racial groups after the objectives for which they were taken have been achieved. (30) Relying further on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, (31) she noted that affirmative action programs are permissible but must be temporary measures limited to the length of time required to achieve de facto (32) In addition, her dissenting opinion in the companion case of Gratz v. Bollinger (33) referenced her use of international law in Grutter. Differentiating between invidious and remedial discrimination, she stated that [c]ontemporary human rights documents draw just this line; they distinguish between policies of oppression and measures designed to accelerate de facto equality. (34) Justice Ginsburg had been thinking about affirmative action through an international human rights lens long before these cases reached the Court. In 1999 speech, she noted that affirmative action, both in the United States and abroad, is anchored in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (35)--and appropriately so, given that both affirmative action and the Declaration itself stand at the intersection of the civil/political and economic/social rights regimes. She described how affirmative action programs aim to redress historic and continuing denials of the right to equality, as well as to advance the economic and social well-being of groups disproportionately impacted by poverty, lack of quality education and health care, or unemployment. …" @default.
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• W1687178906 date "2013-11-01" @default.
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• W1687178906 title "Justice Ginsburg’s International Perspective" @default.
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