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- W16912741 abstract "BOOK REVIEWS 305 gratitude for the favor—the miracle—received. Devout rural people commissioned untrained artists of limited talent to sketch and inscribe these testimonials to be left at the patrons' shrine as a lasting record of their trials and their heaven-assisted triumph of survival. Hence they are not only of interest as art; they are also primary documents in sociology. Retablos, each with its unique human story and divine rescue,offer the artist much more variety than do láminas, pictures of saints which repeat the same iconography over and over. The various patrons' standard iconographies recur, of course, but the narrative images and verbalizing texts are ever different. Hence, they have been a fountainhead of originality in Mexican painting, much appreciated by Rivera, Kahlo, Siquieros, and others for their bold colors and their theatrical handling of sequence and space. The authors analyze and categorize their subject matter in various ways, usually presenting clear, helpful tables with numbers and percentages. They report an interview with an elderly painter of ex votos. The book is both quite handsome and quite user-friendly with its good translations of all Spanish texts, its extensive bibliography, and its index. The forty color illustrations are excellent, and the interpretations of aesthetic and sociological dimensions are uniformly helpful and intelligent. The few minor faults: repetitiousness; passive-voice sentences (to convey the illusion of scientific objectivity, I suppose); mistakenly situating theJesuit historian Francisco Javier Clavigero (d. 1787) in the sixteenth century; overlooking Yvonne Lange's magisterial 1978 El Palacio article on the Santo Niño de Atocha; and overlooking Lane Coulter and Maurice Dixon's 1990 New Mexican Tinwork—a book in which those two authors created from nearly nothing a totally new field in regional art history. No less than Coulter and Dixon, Durand and Massey have created a new realm of scholarly study. Anyone interested in Latin American vernacular religious art and/or in the sociology of Mexican immigration into el norte should enjoy the way this book opens a couple of new doors to new worlds of discourse . ThomasJ. Steele, SJ. Regis University, Denver The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief. By George M. Marsden. (NewYork: Oxford University Press. 1994. Pp. xiv, 462. $35.00.) A vigorous public debate about the direction of change in American Catholic higher education has gone on for a generation. A variety of anxieties cluster around this topic, among them the large question of religion's place in American culture. Here, as in so many other areas, Catholics in the United States are 306 BOOK REVIEWS dealing with problems posed by freedom and pluralism in and out of the Church, at a time when the reinforcing constraints of old-world loyalties and new-world discrimination have waned. One way to begin thinking about such questions is to examine how others have addressed them in the past. It is commonplace to note that many Protestant Christians in the United States, especially those connected to the AngloAmerican Protestant denominations, long ago faced similar problems. George Marsden of the University of Notre Dame knows a great deal about how Christians in the United States have struggled with the perils of pluralism. His academic reputation rests on his superb reinterpretation of American Protestant fundamentalism, and now, in his long-awaited work on Christianity and American higher education, he presents a sweeping examination of that large question of religion's role in our national life. The book examines in great detail the displacement ofProtestant Christianity from its near controlling role in our high culture and in higher education, and its replacement by, well what exactly? In the subtitle, Marsden says established nonbelief, but that has a polemical tone hardly matching Marsden's steady, balanced , at times somewhat coldly analytical style. While militant academic secularizers and Christian fundamentalists appear from time to time, this story is not Andrew White's warfare of science and theology, but a more complicated process of change led by people whose personal convictions were usually ambiguous , their views at times contradictory, at least seen from the outside. But there is a drama, and the subject,American higher education in its best institutions , changes..." @default.
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- W16912741 title "The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief by George M. Marsden" @default.
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