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• W169379757 abstract "In this essay I will consider questions posed by symposium--why have a feminist law journal? and specific question of this panel, master, autonomy or integration, do we or should we serve?--together with parallel questions that arise in debate among international human rights advocates and scholars about whether to address women's human rights issues separately from mainstream human rights. However, I want to begin on a slightly different (but not unrelated) topic: women and sports. I am relatively newly married and, in one of those important early negotiations of couplehood, I agreed to let my husband educate me about golf; in return, he has agreed to develop a deeper appreciation for feminist theory. Our interests have coincided in a series of recent events in sporting world. Let me provide a few highlights. In May of this year, Annika Sorenstam, often called the world's most dominant female golfer, participated in Colonial Invitational, an event on Professional Golfers' Association (PGA) Tour. Sorenstam played from same tees as men, with no accommodations. According to Washington Post, her decision to play event off debate among men and women over whether experiment is good for sport and whether Sorenstam can ultimately compete. (1) It touched off that same debate in my house. Other versions of this drama are playing out elsewhere in world of golf and have provoked significant emotion, especially if accommodations, such as closer tees, are made for women. (2) Then there is controversy about this year's Masters Tournament, one of most prestigious events of PGA Tour, held at Augusta National Golf Club, a private club that does not allow women to become members. Martha Burk of National Council of Women's Organizations has been a vocal opponent, and council has argued that club, in light of its very public role, should not be permitted to exclude women. They argue that PGA and CBS, which broadcasted event, are complicit in this sex discrimination. (3) There has been heated commentary on both sides of issue--but many of well-known figures of golf, such as Tiger Woods, have been largely silent. (4) Finally, there are current discussions over future of Title IX, federal law that prohibits sex discrimination in any educational program or activity that receives federal funds. (5) Although it applies to all educational opportunities, it is best known for its impact on sports. The biggest issues are a round funding and loss of some men's programs, allegedly a s a result of need to divert funds to women's programs. Those who protest Title IX often argue that an equal allocation of funds and opportunities does not make sense because women are just not as interested in sports as men. There is certainly a great deal of ambiguity in our feelings about women and sports, perhaps because men's sports continue to define our normative conception of sports. Women are extra letter--the WNBA or LPGA--or illegitimate competitors who get special treatment (or, yes, cheerleaders). Because men's sports are so powerful and sports is still so powerfully gendered male, (7) these current controversies highlight all hard issues of differences between women and men--the physical differences (though not with usual focus on sexuality and reproduction) and also differences in history, interest, and opportunity. I think they tee up consideration of recurring themes about autonomy versus integration. Should women and men be treated same or measured by a different standard? Do we want to play together or on our own? How much of difference between women and men, even in physical realm, is real and how much is constructed? Because I am a human rights teacher and lawyer (and not much of a golfer), I want to consider how these questions play out in international human rights arena, and I will try to draw it all together briefly at end. …" @default.
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• W169379757 date "2003-09-01" @default.
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• W169379757 title "Lessons About Autonomy and Integration from International Human Rights, Law Journals, and the World of Golf" @default.
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