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• W1707840843 abstract "The goal of radiometric calibration in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is to achieve comparability betweenmeasurement results acquired with different systems (e.g. RADARSAT-2 and Sentinel-1), at different times(e.g. image stacks over many years), or with different system settings (e.g. center frequency or polarization).At the beginning of the calibration process stands the definition of the measurement quantity. We argue thatthe currently accepted measurement quantity for point targets, radar cross section (RCS), is not actually thequantity that a SAR system measures, and propose to replace the quantity with equivalent radar cross section(ERCS):The equivalent radar cross section (ERCS) shall be equal to the radar cross section of a perfectlyconducting sphere which would result in an equivalent pixel intensity if the sphere were to replacethe measured target.The concept “ERCS” has been introduced before [1]. In this presentation, we attempt to communicate theproblem from different angles to make it more easily comprehensible and to contribute to a discussion in theCEOS community on a new definition of the radiometric measurement quantity in SAR. These topics are:• Mathematical view: By reviewing the basic SAR convolution integral and the definition of RCS itbecomes obvious why RCS cannot be the radiometric measurement quantity in SAR.• Historical view: Considering early, comparably low resolution SAR systems with narrow bandwidthsand small angular ranges, it is apparent why RCS has been an acceptable quantity in the past. Theadvancement towards higher accuracy and higher resolution systems makes a distinction betweenRCS and ERCS paramount though for today’s and tomorrow’s systems.• Comparison with black bodies: The radiation characteristics of certain surfaces are completelyspecified if their temperature is known. These black bodies do not exist in nature; they are anidealization. The blackbody radiation at a given wavelength depends only on the temperature. Asingle number (the brightness temperature) is therefore sufficient to summarize the complex Planckspectrum of a blackbody.This is similar to a large, perfectly conducting sphere in SAR which is used as an idealized object in theERCS definition. A single number (the sphere’s cross sectional area) summarizes its properties.• Comparison with stellar photometry: In the 18 th century, different astronomers used different opticalequipment to measure and compare the brightness of stars. Due to varying passbands (transferfunctions) of lenses and photographic film, the results were not comparable. The problem was latersolved by introducing standard photometric systems, where the passbands of the used equipment isstandardized and calibrated.A comparable interaction exists between a SAR instrument and the measured terrain reflectivity dueto the convolution operation in the processor. This we call the SAR passband problem [2]. Wepropose a similar approach to resolve the SAR passband problem by introducing standardizedpassbands (weighting/apodization functions at defined bandwidths).By adopting ERCS as the measurement quantity in the future, calibration and measurement results becometruly compatible across current and future narrow and particularly wideband, high-resolution, and high-accuracy SAR systems." @default.
• W1707840843 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1707840843 date "2015-01-01" @default.
• W1707840843 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W1707840843 title "Equivalent Radar Cross Section: What Is It and Why Is It Important?" @default.
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