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• W171669733 abstract "Since Supreme Court's seminal campaign finance ruling in Buckley v. Valeo, (1) Court continues to disagree over best way to balance First Amendment free speech rights against state's interest in fighting reality or appearance of corruption caused by sizeable campaign expenditures. (2) The debate over corporate campaign expenditures has been a source of particularly sharp disagreement, generating at least six major decisions since Court's ruling in Buckley. (3) In two recent decisions, Court held that although corporations could use money in separate political funds for campaign spending, general treasury funds were off limits. (4) In Citizens United v. FEC, (5) however, Supreme Court expanded corporate campaign spending power by holding that, although It]he government can regulate corporate political speech through disclaimer and disclosure requirements, it is unconstitutional for government to suppress corporate political speech entirely. (6) In doing so, Court struck down parts of two previous decisions (7) that limited ability of corporations to spend money on electioneering communications in federal elections. Although it is too soon to know what effect Court's decision will have on electoral process, Citizens United likely will be most significant not for what it means for corporate campaign spending, but for what it signals for future of campaign finance reform. Not only does ruling mark first time that Roberts Court has struck down a previous campaign finance decision, but also it does so in a way that signals Court's newfound hostility toward campaign finance regulation in all but most limited of circumstances. Citizens United is a nonprofit corporation that receives funds from both individuals and for-profit (8) In 2008, Citizens United created Hillary: The Movie, a ninety-minute documentary about then-Senator and presidential candidate, Hillary Clinton, and sought to expand film's distribution by using cable video-on-demand offerings in addition to movie theater and DVD releases. (9) The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), (10) however, barred use of corporate general treasury funds for electioneering communications. (11) The law did not, however, bar spending by segregated corporate or union funds through use of political action committees (PACs). (12) Because Citizens United feared that its plans to make Hillary available through video-on-demand before certain 2008 presidential primaries ran afoul of corporate expenditure prohibition contained in [section] 441b, it sought to have federal ban as well as disclaimer and disclosure requirements related to those corporate expenditures declared unconstitutional as applied to Hillary. (13) The district court denied Citizens United's motion for a preliminary injunction and granted government's motion for summary judgment, holding that corporate expenditure ban was facially constitutional based on Supreme Court's ruling in McConnell v. FEC, (14) which, in turn, relied on Court's earlier holding in Austin v. Michigan State Chamber of Commerce. (15) Citizens United appealed its case to Supreme Court. (16) Following initial arguments in case in October Term 2008, Supreme Court ordered parties to file supplemental briefs and reargue case to address whether Court should overrule Austin and part of McConnell that addressed facial validity of [section] 441b. (17) The Supreme Court held five to four that government could not prohibit corporate-funded independent expenditures. (18) Writing for majority, Justice Kennedy (19) wrote that the Government may not suppress political speech on basis of speaker's corporate identity because [n]o sufficient governmental interest justifies limits on political speech of nonprofit or for-profit corporations. (20) With an even larger eight-to-one majority, Court (21) held that disclaimer and disclosure requirements related to campaign communications were constitutional. …" @default.
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• W171669733 date "2011-01-01" @default.
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• W171669733 title "Removing Corporate Campaign Finance Restrictions in Citizens United V. Federal Election Commission" @default.
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