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• W171840067 abstract "Once again United States is facing interrelated problems of homeless families and children, street gangs, and youth violence [Detweiler 1992; Gulati 1993]. In many cities, children are engaging in criminal behavior to support themselves and joining gangs that threaten safety and stability of urban neighborhoods [Pryor & McGarrell 1993; Stark 1993]. Neither problems nor society's response to them are new, however. Both closely parallel conditions and responses prevalent in New York City and other developing urban areas in nineteenth century. Confirming historical data are found in annual reports of major organizations offering services to delinquent and dependent children, in newspaper articles, and in secondary sources describing social and economic conditions in mid-nineteenth century New York City. These sources provide descriptions of origins, characteristics, and programs developed for street children.The increase in street children in New York City nearly a century and a half ago resulted from economic changes that have parallels today. Thus, a knowledge of history is helpful in analyzing innovative programs and social policies to deal with new problems. Misconceptions about origins and nature of both social problems and social welfare programs inhibit our ability to learn from past and to respond effectively to social problems.The Response of Charitable Organizations to Economic CrisisCharitable organizations in nineteenth century were, for most part, responding to social effects of economic change. The Panic of 1837, which lasted until mid-1840s, for example, profoundly influenced New York City charities. With unemployment estimated at 33% [Schneider 1938: 262], cynicism and suspicion replaced optimism and pious fervor of previous decade's evangelical missions to poor. Losing faith in power of religion to reform, charity workers began to think of poor and unemployed in terms previously associated only with so-called vicious poor--criminals and alcoholics [Spann 1981: 71].Increasing despair about effectiveness of ministering to adults turned reformers' attention to problem of street children, a problem publicized by Chief of Police George W. Matsell's 1849 report on juvenile crime. He documented large number of vagrant children ages six to 16 in lower wards of city who survived by stealing, begging, and prostitution, or who simply made nuisances of themselves by hanging around street corners. He warned that this was a deplorable and growing evil that required an immediate remedy [Schneider 1938: 329].Although a system of public schools had been established in New York City in 1842, in part to deal with problems of vagrancy and delinquency among city's youth, only about half of city's children attended school by mid-century. Since schools emphasized moral education and character building rather than trade education, working-class students found them irrelevant and quit by age nine-if they went at all [Spann 1981: 260-261]. Matsell argued that street children should compelled to attend our schools regularly, or be apprenticed to some suitable occupation [New York Juvenile Asylum 1860: 103].Matsell's warning caught attention of charitable organizations in city. Both New York Association for Improvement of Condition of Poor (NYAICP) and American Female Guardian Society (AFGS), previously oriented toward helping adult poor, responded to Matsell's report with a change of direction [NYAICP 1849: 27; AFGS 1851: 26-27; AFGS 1853: 21]. Turning their energies toward the thousands of children in our large towns and cities, without friends or home, who are growing up ignorant and vicious, thus becoming fit subjects for prison or gallows [AFGS 1854: 8], two groups established a shelter, an asylum, and a family placement program to remove children from city. …" @default.
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• W171840067 date "2017-11-30" @default.
• W171840067 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W171840067 title "The Child Welfare Response to Youth Violence and Homelessness in the Nineteenth Century" @default.
• W171840067 doi "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351315920-4" @default.
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