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• W172467072 abstract "The role of socioeconomic and other cultural factors as determinants of fertility change has been widely discussed, with some scholars emphasising an inverse relation between socioeconomic development and fertility, others suggesting that no such relation necessarily exists, and yet others indicating that by using data from various sources it is possible to prove that a given country's crude birth rate has declined, remained unchanged or increased. Demographic data are presented on age-sex structure, completed and total fertility rates, and age specific fertility rates by age cohorts of women, from several small, anthropological population units of West Bengal, India and Upper Khumbu, Nepal, exposed to various physical and cultural environmental stresses. The data show that fertility has declined in most of the populations/subpopulations studied and that the decline may, deductively, be attributed to economic development via greater family planning practices.It is generally believed that fertility has declined in India and particularly in West Bengal and Nepal, but it may have actually increased. Demographic data on several ecologically and socioculturally distinct populations/subpopulations, collected through intensive anthropological surveys, were examined for evidence of fertility decline. Efforts were made to identify the environmental factors leading to fertility differences by comparing populations and subpopulations varying with respect to 1 major factor but similar with respect to others in order to deductively suggest possible explanations for fertility decline, if any. 3 types of data are presented: population pyramid (age-sex structure); completed family size (CFS) and total fertility rate (TFR); and age specific fertility rate (ASFR). The multidisciplinary studies have been carried out since early 1976 in the high and medium altitude regions of the eastern Himalayas in Nepal and India and the alluvial plains of West Bengal. A constriction at the base of the pyramid, suggesting a recent fertility decline, was detectable in Upper Khumbu and Kalimpong, Mirpur and Balaramchak, and all 3 economic subpopulations in Chakpota. It was absent in Rango and unclear in Gopalchak and Bamanchak. Such a general pattern of constriction at the base of the population pyramid in populations inhabiting diverse physical and cultural environments is compatible with the overall fertility/population growth decline in India but the lack of such constrictions in several others indicate that the pattern is not universal. Having found that fertility declined between older and younger women in most populations/subpopulations studied, the attempt was made to identify the possible factors leading to such decline. Both CFS and TFR were lower in Upper Khumbu than in Kalimpong suggesting that the environmental stresses associated with high altitude tend to reduce fertility. The relatively lower fertility of the more modernized/urbanized Kalimpong population compared to the remote Rango, as shown by the CFS values and the pyramidal bases, as well as the ASFR values except for age period 25-29 years, may suggest that modernization/urbanization may indeed inhibit fertility. That modernization/urbanization, socioeconomic development in general, may be negatively related to fertility is further confirmed by the 3 Chakpota subpopulations in which the constriction at the pyramidal base increases in magnitude with increasing economic condition, TFR decreases in that order, and the ASFR values are generally lower in the high than in the low economic group with the medium group taking an intermediate position in general." @default.
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• W172467072 date "1981-01-01" @default.
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• W172467072 title "Fertility decline and differences in less-developed countries: an anthropological microstudy of some communities of West Bengal, India and Upper Khumbu, Nepal." @default.
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