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• W173906614 abstract "There is an ancient tie between the feast and the spoken word. M. Bakhtin If Odysseus has a sophistic and mercenary bent in tragic depiction, comic fragments suggest that he also comes to be associated with greedy, all-belly figures. (1) W. B. Stanford has noted this evolution in Odysseus's character, connecting his later profile as a glutton to his food-oriented arguments in Iliad 19 and especially to his focus on the belly's needs in the Odyssey. (2) But neither Stanford nor other scholars have considered that Odysseus's attention to the fair portion in the Iliad and to the belly's urgings in the Odyssey might especially mark the persuasive style of this circumspect, hungry hero; nor have they associated Odysseus's fair-sharing attitudes in Homer with the sophistic type he plays in tragedy, where his persuasive tactics tend to incorporate both the aggressivity of the hungry man and the calculating civility of the politician. (3) While the more fully extant depictions in epic and drama do not portray Odysseus as greedy, his strategies often betray a focus on the fair sharing that ideally governs both the dinner table and the persuasive setting. (4) This distinction between the greedy feaster and his calculating counterpart is important in ancient hospitality scenes, the proper handling of which involves both equal apportionment and genial persuasive tactics. However obvious the connection between the needy guest and the glutton may be (the one being the intemperate extention of the other), in archaic and classical depictions Odysseus usually embodies either the diplomatic presence who promotes the orderly influences of the fairly apportioned feast, or the hungry, bartering type who is sensitive to practical need. Only rarely is he a creature of excess, tending instead to recognize the potential for rapacious violence in others. His pragmatic, expeditious strategies for insuring that his (and his companions') needs are met stand in explicit contrast to the aggressively gluttonous attitudes of the suitors in the Odyssey, the grim cannibalism threatened by the mourning Achilles in the Il iad, or the gleefully profligate ingestion of the Cyclops in Euripides' satyr play. This pragmatic outlook does, on the other hand, contribute to the fifth-century perception of Odysseus's type as utilitarian rather than noble and, therefore, sometimes as mercenary and calculating. His beggarman's bartering techniques and his use of the sea-trader's disguise in the Odyssey, together with his exchange-oriented attitudes in the Iliad, suggest that the wandering hero had been associated from early on with an expedient practicality. Indeed, in fifth-century representation both sophists and seamen are frequently portrayed as displaying this mercenary bent, which conforms with the fact that archaic and classical depictions tend to denigrate the type who trades goods or skills. In Odyssey 8, for example, Odysseus treats as a gross insult Euryalus's assumption that he is a sea-trader, although elsewhere (e.g., Book 14) he disguises himself as this type. Tragedy traces such connections more emphatically and negatively: in the Philoctetes, Odysseus's use of the sea-trader (emporos) figure to deceive t he wounded hero further associates his character with mercenary expediency and indirection. (5) The bartering Odysseus also employs stylistic strategies that involve a similar attention to pragmatic exchange. Capitalizing on the familiar rituals of apportionment, Odysseus sometimes associates himself with charisdeserving heroes, thereby reaffirming the well-balanced and deserving qualities of his own character. (6) The Philoctetes plays represent a more negative strain of this tradition, highlighting Odysseus's capacity for lying, and showing how his aggressive techniques became allied with sophistic strategies and (occasionally) a rapacious brutality. In oratorical set speeches, Odysseus uses similarly aggressive tactics, turning the tables on his opponents by appropriating their character types and techniques and sometimes projecting his own negative profile onto them. …" @default.
• W173906614 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W173906614 date "2002-09-22" @default.
• W173906614 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W173906614 title "Odysseus, Ingestive Rhetoric, and Euripides' Cyclops" @default.
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