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• W174239493 abstract "People living in chronically crowded conditions pay a huge psychological cost. Research shows that the layout of their homes may alleviate some of their psychological distress if it allows them to control their social interaction and find some privacy. The holidays are coming and so are the relatives. they arrive, you can say good-bye to peace and quiet. Every available space in your house will be filled, the place will be crawling with kids, and the noise level will be deafening. Is it any surprise you're a little uptight? Residential crowding and elevated noise levels have long been known to cause psychological and physiological stress in humans. Many of us have experienced crowded and noisy living conditions at some point during our lives and can attest to the hassles of sharing a home with a lot of people: it's hard to find a quiet place to be alone, tensions build, and tempers flare. Gary Evans, an associate professor of design and environmental analysis, has studied the effects of environmental stressors such as crowding and noise for many years. He recently looked at the role of interior design elements in mitigating the negative relationship between residential crowding and psychological health in a study conducted with Stephen J. Lepore of Carnegie Mellon University and Alex Schroeder of Georgetown University. At issue, they found, is a basic human need - privacy. A man named Irwin Altman developed the concept of privacy as a continuum, with loneliness at one end and overcrowding at the other, Evans says. Within that continuum, people have a desired level of privacy and an achieved level of privacy, and obviously there's often a discrepancy between the two. So crowding can be thought of as that state when the level of privacy you have is less than what you want. And what you have and what you want can change over time. Past research has shown that people living in chronically crowded conditions frequently cope with the stress from lack of privacy by withdrawing socially. This, in turn, can lead to the disruption of socially supportive relationships between the occupants of a home. Social withdrawal also has been found to be a reaction to the excessive, unwanted social demands generated by crowded living situations. Evans's study showed that these negative psychological effects may be mitigated by what he calls depth, the number of spaces a person must pass through to get from one room in a house to another. For example, a house with an entry hallway and many individual, well-defined rooms would be considered to have greater architectural depth than one with a more contemporary, open floor plan in which the rooms tend to run into one another. Architectural depth means there are more spaces embedded farther into the home, he says. Our study showed that this may help buffer the potentially negative effects of high density. Evans notes that the concept of architectural depth was developed by British architectural theorists Julia Hanson and William Hillier in their book The Social Logic of Space. They used architectural depth as a tool for analyzing floor plans and layout to see how they influence social Evan says. When I read Hanson's and Hillier's book it made me think that there might be an interesting connection between layout and privacy, which they do not deal with. So we took architectural depth and applied it in a different theoretical context. Prior to Evans's project, there had been just a few studies on the relationship between environmental design and human response to crowding. And those had looked only at living situations such as dormitories and other spaces meant to house large populations. One study found that modifying a long-corridor college dormitory into a series of smaller corridors significantly reduced negative psychological outcomes. The residents reported fewer incidences of excessive, unwanted social interaction, and more pro-social behaviors were observed in the dorm. …" @default.
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• W174239493 date "1995-09-22" @default.
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• W174239493 title "The Impact of Environmental Stress" @default.
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