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- W174531404 abstract "This chapter discusses the clinical aspects of extracellular volume and sodium concentration. It also discusses volume excess (edema), sodium concentration (hypo- and hypernatremia), volume depletion, and renal dysfunction. The primary consequence of sodium depletion is a fall in extracellular fluid (ECF) volume, including circulating volume, with sodium concentration unaffected. As volume depletion increases, thirst and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) respond to hypovolemia rather than plasma sodium concentration and hyponatremia develops. Secondary consequences of sodium depletion include interference with renal regulation of water and potassium excretion and plasma pH. Just as hyponatremia is not the immediate outcome of sodium depletion, hypernatremia is not the result of excess sodium, unless it is given parenterally or taken in very large quantities without access to water. Hypernatremia indicates water loss combined with factors that prevent adequate compensatory drinking; these may include pain, weakness, dysphagia, vomiting, or simple water deprivation. Water loss alone is unlikely to cause hypernatremia and thus, with diabetes insipidus, the outcome is compensatory polydipsia rather than hypernatremia. The clinical consequences of both hypernatremia and hyponatremia include a wide range of symptoms, many of them behavioral, none of them pathognomonic. There is substantial overlap between these conditions or with other electrolyte disturbances, notably hypercalcemia and hypomagnesemia." @default.
- W174531404 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W174531404 date "1995-01-01" @default.
- W174531404 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W174531404 title "Clinical Aspects of Extracellular Volume and Sodium Concentration" @default.
- W174531404 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-040842-2.50014-2" @default.
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