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• W176289340 abstract "A review of the Australian criminological literature leaves little doubt as to why drug treatment has been integrated as a key component of the Australian criminal justice systems' response to drug dependency among criminal offenders. The Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program, for example, estimated in 2008 that 65 percent of adult offenders detained by the police had tested positive to at least one drug (Gaffney et al. 2010). An even higher proportion self-reported illegal drug use in the past 1 2 months (67%), while 41 percent self-reported being drug dependent. Similarly, the Drug Use Careers of Offenders (DUCO) project, in its survey of 2,135 adult male prisoners in 2001 , found that 81 percent of self-identified regular property offenders, 49 percent of regular violent offenders and 87 percent of regular violent and property offenders were frequent users of at least one illegal drug prior to their incarceration. It was also found that 39 percent of prisoners causally attributed their most serious offence to the use of illegal drugs or alcohol (Makkai & Payne 2003). In 1999, in response to significant public health concerns, the NSW Government convened a week-long Drug Summit (Swain 1999) which, among other things, reaffirmed an earlier decision made by the state to establish Australia's first Drug Treatment Court in Sydney. Located at the Parramatta District Court house, the NSW Drug Court's aim is (as specified in the NSW Drug Court Act 1998) to reduce the dependency of eligible offenders and to promote their successful reintegration back into the community as non-drug users. In doing so, the court specifically seeks to reduce the need of drug dependent persons to support their dependencies through criminal activities. Since then, drug courts or similar programs have been established in almost all Australian states and territories. Together, they form an integral component of the criminal justice system's response to the well-known problem of drug-related crime (Wundersitz 2007). Despite the apparent success of drug courts, drug diversion programs and intermediate court programs (Wundersitz 2007), dealing with drug use and working with those who have complex drug dependencies remains a difficult challenge for criminal justice practitioners. One particular issue, as noted in several drug court and drug diversion evaluations, is that of poly drug use (ie the use of more than 1 drug type; Costanzo 2003; Freeman 2002). Offenders with complex drug dependencies involving two or more drug types comprise a substantial proportion of drug court and drug diversion clients; however, evaluation studies have demonstrated that these offenders often have poorer treatment retention rates and higher post-program reoffending rates than offenders who are not poly drug users. In New South Wales, for example, two-thirds of drug court participants were reported as having used multiple drug types (not including alcohol or tobacco) in the period just prior to their involvement in the program (Freeman 2002). This same group were later found to be two and half times more likely to reoffend than those drug court participants who were predominantly single drug users (Freeman & Donnelly 2005). Similarly, in an evaluation of the NSW Department of Corrections' Drug and Alcohol Addiction and Relapse Prevention Programs, poly drug use was found to be significantly associated with early phase non-compliance. In this study, 73 percent of poly drug users withdrew from treatment before completion (compared with 53% of single drug users) and were significantly less likely to subsequently complete relevant orders of the court (Furby & Kevin 2008). Notwithstanding the complexities faced by treatment providers, poly drug use also has implications for police and other law enforcement agencies as they work to tackle local drug problems. In particular, poly drug users are potentially a more diversified group of drug users whose varied pattern of use makes them more resilient to illicit drug market fluctuations. …" @default.
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• W176289340 date "2011-08-01" @default.
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• W176289340 title "Poly drug use among police detainees" @default.
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