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• W177493604 abstract "ABSTRACT: This paper addresses the beneficial psychological and physiological effects of touching, carrying, and holding infants. Through an overview of research, scientific evidence is provided that substantiates the importance of close physical contact in each of the three major states of consciousness: awake, asleep, and crying. A historical and cross-cultural perspective is also included. Implications and recommendations are made for child rearing by modern parents in industrialized nations. During the 1950s, experimental psychology in the United States was dominated by an extreme school of thought called Behaviorism. Psychologists who embraced this theory believed that all behaviors were motivated by rewards and punishments. assumed that babies became attached to their because the provided milk, which is a reinforcing stimulus (or reward) because it alleviates the uncomfortable state of hunger. A researcher at the University of Wisconsin, Harry Harlow, decided to test this theory, and designed a very simple but clever experiment (Harlow, 1958). He raised infant monkeys without their mothers, but provided them with a choice of two artificial mothers: one of them was made of wire and had a nipple that provided milk when the infant monkeys sucked. The other mother did not provide any milk, but was made of soft terry cloth. Which one would the infant monkeys prefer? Which one would they cling to the most? Surprisingly for the behaviorists, the infant monkeys much preferred the terry cloth mother, although she did not provide them with any food. This was one of the first experiments that directly tested and challenged the behaviorist assumptions. The implications were that there is something more important than food. This, of course, came as no surprise to parents who are bonded with their infants and who know intuitively that infants like to be held and cuddled. This paper reviews the research demonstrating the importance of touching and holding infants in each of the three major states of consciousness: awake, asleep, and crying. PHYSICAL CONTACT WITH INFANTS WHO ARE AWAKE During the 13th century, it was believed that human beings had an innate language. To discover what it was, King Frederick II of Sicily designed an ingenious but brutal experiment, which is the first documented psychology experiment ever performed. He arranged for foster nurses to raise several infants, each one in a room by itself. The nurses fed, bathed, and changed the infants, but did not stay and interact with them because they were forbidden to speak to them. The goal was to discover what language the children would speak if they had not heard any language spoken. Unfortunately, however, King Frederick never found the answer to his question because all of the infants died. The 13th century historian who described this experiment said, They could not live without the petting and the joyful faces and loving words of their foster mothers (Gardner, 1972). It is now believed that the infants in this experiment died of stress caused by deprivation of physical contact. There was a spectacularly high death rate in 18th and 19th century foundling homes and orphanages in Europe and the United States. The term marasmus (meaning wasting away) was used to describe these infants as their health deteriorated in spite of good nutrition. In 1915, ninety percent of the infants in Baltimore orphanages died within a year of admission (Gardner, 1972). In the 1940s, a third of the infants in United States orphanages were still dying in spite of good food and meticulous medical care. During this period, child-rearing methods in the United States were influenced by the leading expert of the time, Dr. Luther Holt, who warned of the dangers of handling children too much (Holt, 1919). The less wealthy orphanages, where the staff followed their maternal instincts and were not up-to-date on this modern advice, often had lower mortality rates than the wealthier orphanages! …" @default.
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• W177493604 date "2001-04-01" @default.
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• W177493604 title "Hold Me! the Importance of Physical Contact with Infants1" @default.
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