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• W178563092 abstract "A main decision branch when designing battery powered electronic devices exists in the choice between a primary (non-rechargeable) and a rechargeable battery. Power requirements and product use patterns have conspired to keep portable electronic devices fairly well segregated into those that run on primary batteries and those that run on rechargeable batteries. This paper examines how recent advances in primary zinc-air batteries can match new application requirements. This match results from the high energy density, better power capabilities, thinner profile, economical and safe attributes of zinc-air technology. Examples of how this battery technology may be applied to several generic product categories are given to illustrate the benefits. Introduction Even though product designers have been offered new rechargeable battery chemistries with significant performance improvements, primary batteries are still often posed as what if solutions in design sessions. This is because primary batteries can enhance user satisfaction over rechargeables in a number of compelling ways. Because there is no need to recharge, the portable product is ready to use. Primary batteries run products longer than similar size and weight rechargeable batteries. The user is not burdened with product care and feeding schedules in the form of recharge regimens. The product travels easier because a charger doesn't have to be packed. Eliminating the charger, charge circuitry and expensive rechargeable battery packs can significantly reduce initial product purchase price. Environmental and safety issues can be less problematic. When the primary battery option is considered and doesn't work out, it is usually because designers find that alkaline and lithium battery alternatives are lacking in specific areas. For alkalines, it is usually insufficient energy density or power, which translates into frequent and annoying battery changes. The lithium choice is either too expensive or not available in the capacity needed because of safety constraints. A system that combines high energy density, good rate capability, a thin profile, safety, and low cost is needed. The primary zinc-air couple is just emerging as a promising addition to the portfolio of batteries applied to portable electronic devices. It is interesting that zinc-air's commercial history is actually quite lengthy, dating to the 1930s. A few technology breakthroughs punctuate this history in which dramatically new areas of application were opened. The zinc-air couple was originally used as a large stationary battery. It powered lights on marine buoys and worked the signal systems for railroads. The invention of Teflon in the 1960's permitted the formulation of extremely thin air electrodes. This opened the way for making very high energy density button cells. These were applied to long runtime, continuous-use hearing aids. Most recently, the development of Diffusion Air Manager technology has provided an effective solution to atmospheric interaction issues enabling long term intermittent usage over a wide range of power. This means application to today's portable devices is possible. Primary Zinc-Air Cell Capabilities The primary zinc-air system is known by electrochemists for its high energy density, good rate capability, and safety. The high energy density comes from the fact that the system uses oxygen from the surrounding atmosphere to support a chemical reaction that generates electricity. Weight and space are saved by not having to include active cathode material in the battery case. Instead, a thin, light electrode is used to introduce oxygen from the air into the cell. Table 1 compares the energy density of several systems commonly used for portable devices [1]. Table 1. Energy Density Comnparision of Commonly used Battery Systems for Portable Products WIRELESS SYMPOSIUM/PORTABLE BY DESIGN CONFERENCE SPRING 1999 HARRIS, SIEMINSKI — 2 Figure #1 shows a cross section of a primary zinc-air cell. Oxygen from the air diffuses into the holes in the top of the cell case. The air electrode acts as a medium for oxygen to enter the cell and contains catalysts for oxygen reduction. When an electric circuit is completed between the positive and negative battery electrodes, oxidation of the zinc anode produces free electrons. The overall electrochemical discharge reaction is given as:" @default.
• W178563092 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W178563092 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W178563092 title "Recent Advances Enable Primary Zinc-Air for Portable Devices" @default.
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