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• W1792031467 abstract "Effects of sowing dates and irrigation regimes on growth and yield of wheat were investigated at New Halfa Scheme during the seasons 1988/89 and 1989/90. Climatic data were obtained from New Halfa meteorological substat-ation. Evapotranspiration (ET), crop factor (CF), tiller number and dry matter production were determined. Thermal time requirements for tillering, dry matter production and phenological growth stages were calculated. The results showed that late November sowing dates (November 20 and 28) generally produced higher values for ET, CF, number of tillers, dry matter production, number of heads/m, number of grains/head, 1000–seed weight and final grain yield than those of late sowings (December, 15 and 25). However, no significant differences were noted regarding these parameters due to irrigation regimes. The results also show that wheat required about 1546 degree–days (Cd) from planting to maturity. It is concluded that late December sowings may subject wheat to heat stress, and hence poor grain yields صخلملا : عورشم يف حمقلا جاتنإو ومن يلع يرلا ةرتف لوطو ةعارزلا خيرات راثآ ةسارد تمت يمسوم للاخ يعارزلا ةديدجلا افلح 88 1989 و 89 1990 . نم خانملا تامولعم تمدختسا حتنرخبلا تاباسح تيرجأ اهنمو ةديدجلا افلحب دصرلا ةطحم ) ET ( لوصحملا لماعمو ) CF ( ةبرجتلا نمو حأ ىص ةفاجلا ةداملا جاتنإو فلخلا ددع . يف ةعارزلا نأ جئاتنلا تحضوأ 20 و 28 ةفاضلإاب ،ةفاجلا ةداملاو فلخلا ددع ،لوصحملا لماع ،حتنرخبلل يلعأ تلادعم ىلإ تدأ ربمفون عم ةنراقم جتنملا تانوكم ىلإ 15 و 25 ربمسيد . دجوت مل تافلاتخا يرلا ةرتف فلاتخاب ةيونعم . ئاتنلا تحضوأ ىلإ جاتحي حمقلا نأ ج يلاوح 1546 ةيموي ةجرد ) degree days ( نم ىلإ ةعارزلا جضنلا . حمقلا ضرعت ربمسيد يف ةرخأتملا ةعارزلا نأ ىلإ ةساردلا تصلخ دقو ربمفون وه بسانملا ةعارزلا خيرات نأو هتيجاتنإ نم للقتو يرارحلا داهجلإل . INTRODUCTION Wheat, (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the major food crops in the world. In the Sudan, its cultivation along the Nile banks in the Northern region, between latitudes 16 and 22N dates back to 3000B.C. Nowadays, the main commercial production areas are the irrigated schemes of Gezira, Rahad, New Halfa and White Nile. The hot dry short season and inadequate irrigation water are the maior factors responsible for the commonly low yields. (Akasha, 1968) reported that high temperature reduced the number of tillers and grain weight, because the period between anthesis and senescence was curtailed by relatively higher temperature. (Fischer, 1985) reported that the thermal requirement needed by a specific growth stage is more or less constant. (Ishag, 1990) stated that heat stress influences productivity of wheat specially when temperature higher than 30C coincides with initial stages of ear development and that generally hot environment reduces the duration of all developmental stages. (Ishag and Ageeb, 1990) reported that November is the best sowing date for wheat. (Ishag, 1992) on the other hand reported that the degree of crop susceptibility to water stress varied with growth stage. Ear emergence to milk stage was more sensitive to water stress. (Farah, 1987) reported that longer intervals of irrigation (21days) during the insensitive gtowth stages of wheat should help in reducing the pressure imposed by crops on water demand and labour. He obtained the highest grain yield from watering every 14days until the boot stage and 10days thereafter. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and sowing dates practiced by the New Halfa tenants on growth, development and yield of wheat. It also investigates the thermal time require-ments of tillering, dry matter production and various growth stages. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental work was conducted on farmers fields in Elmedina block at New Halfa Agricultural Scheme, latitudes 14 45 and 16 00N. longitude 35 00 E and altituda 450masl. The treatments comprised four sowig dates and three irrigation intervals arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Each replicate was 1050m in area, which is known as Angaya. The total area was 15 feddans (l fed = 0.42ha). Sowing was done on the 10 and 20 of November and the 5 and 15 of December in the first season (1988/89) and on 20 and 28 of November and the 10 and 25 of December in the second season (1989/90). Wheat seeds of the variety Debeira were broadcasted by hand at a rate of 70kg/feddan (= 167kg/ha) and covered using a disc harrow, and the borders were reconstructed. The recommended nitrogen fertilizer dose of 80kg/feddan (= 190kg/ha) was broadcasted before the first watering. Two irrigation intervals of 15days and 20days were imposed after 30–35days from presowing watering in addition to the normal irrigation interval of 14days that started from sowing and used as a control. Hand weeding was done after the first watering. The data for temperatures, relative humidity, evaporaion and wind speed are obtained from New Halfa Meteorological substation .Soil moisture determined gravimetrically using augers. Evaportanpiration (ET) was calculated as the sum of water lost from the whole profile for that specific period. The crop factor (CF) was calculated as: CF=ET/Eo, where Eo is the evaporation from open water surface calculated from data collected from New Halfa meteorological substation. Using Penman equation(Penman 1948): Eo = ∆R + Y Ea ∆ + Y where R is the net solar radiaion (cal cm day) in equivalent mm day, Y is the psychometric constant in mbC , Ea is a wind function which depends on vapor pressure deficit and wind speed and ∆ is the slope of the saturation vapor pressure vs temperature in mbC . Plant samples were collected randomly using square quadrant for detemi-nation of dry matter. Tiller number/m, number of heads/m, seed number/head, 1000–seed weight and total grain yield/plot were determined. Thermal time equations, used by (Garcia–Huidobro et al., 1982, Mohamed, 1984 and Mohamed et al., 1985, 1988), were used to estimate the thermal time requirements for the various developmental stages. Duncan’s multiple range test was used for separ-ation of means. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Water shortage and weed infestation during the first season led to unreliable results especially those yield components. Since the present study included successive sowing dates, the data is consisered to be sufficient without those of the first season However, crop factors are calculated for both seasons. Microclimate of the Site: Microclimatological data at the site are summarized in (Table l). The highest temperature during both seasons is recorded for early November, and the minimum on January and increased towards the end of February. The relative humidity is lowest during February followed by November and increased during December and January. Both Piche and Penman evapor-ation are generally highest during February followed by November and decreased during December and January. Table (1): Average Monthly and Seasonal Agro-meteorological Data for the Growing Season 1988/89 and 1989/90 Monthly average (season 1988/89) Monthly average (season 1989/90) Parameter Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Seasonal mean Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Seasonal mean Mean max. Temp. (C) 36.5 35.1 30.7 32.0 33.6 37.6 33.7 33.4 32.2 34.2 Mean min. temp. (C) 20.9 15.8 15.3 13.9 16.5 19.2 16.9 12.1 13.2 15.4 Mean daily PH % 34.0 36.0 36.0 33.0 34.8 34.0 37.0 39.0 24.0 33.5 Mean daily piche evaporation 11.4 10.5 10.2 12.2 11.0 13.0 11.8 12.5 16.1 13.4 Penman evaporation 05.3 05.4 05.3 05.9 05.5 06.7 06.2 07.1 06.3 06.6 Wind speed (mph) 05.3 05.3 06.4 06.6 05.9 0.5.3 04.3 06.0 05.4 05.4 Crop factor (CF): The crop factor increased with the progress of the growing season and reached maximum values after 60,73 and 73 days for the sowing dates of 15 of Dec., 5 of Dec. and 10 of Nov. for season 1988/89, respect-ively, and it reached maximum value after 45,66 and 73 days for the sowing dates of 25 of Dec.,10 of Dec. and 20 of Nov. for season 1989/90 respect-ively, then it decreased (Fig.1). In general and as shown by (Fig.1) the highest crop factor was 1.4 recorded for the 10 of November sowing date of the first season and the lowest crop factor was 0.51 obtained for the 25 of December sowing date of the second season. Early sown crop had vigorous growth and therefore highest crop factor while the late sown crop (on 25 of December) showed poor growth and development and therefore lowest C.F values. Fig. (1): Time Course of Crop Factor for Wheat Irrigated every 15 Days and Sown on 10/11 ( ), 5/12 ( ), and 15/12 ( ) for Season 1988/89 ----and 20/11( ), 10/12 ( ) and 25/12 ( ) for the Season" @default.
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• W1792031467 title "EFFECTS OF SOWING DATE AND IRRIGATION INTERVAL ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) A" @default.
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