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- W1793351510 abstract "Harm caused by preventive programs may be physical, psychological, social or, if informed consent has not been obtained, ethical. Adverse effects of preventive screening programs may occur at any of the three levels of the screening cascade, the screening procedure itself, the investigation of abnormal results of screening tests or the treatment of detected abnormalities or diseases. The greatest harm occurs at the second and third levels. Examples of procedures that may cause physical harm are venipuncture, mammography, colonoscopy, breast biopsy, transrectal ultrasonography, prostate biopsy, weight-reducing and cholesterol-lowering diets and radical prostatectomy. The psychological and social harm of preventive programs involves anticipated discomfort or perception of adverse effects of preventive interventions; unpleasant interactions with health care workers, time required for preventive programs, excessive overall awareness of health, anxiety over the results of a screening test implications of a positive screening test, consequences of being labelled as sick or at risk, psychopathologic effects induced directly by preventive programs and, in the case of a false-negative test result, false assurance of disease-free status. Since the positive predictive value of screening tests in the general population is always low, most abnormal test results are false-positive, these engender a great deal of psychological discuss among patients." @default.
- W1793351510 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W1793351510 creator A5042469070 @default.
- W1793351510 date "1996-07-15" @default.
- W1793351510 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W1793351510 title "Prevention. How much harm? How much benefit? 3. Physical, psychological and social harm." @default.
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- W1793351510 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1487962" @default.
- W1793351510 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8800074" @default.
- W1793351510 hasPublicationYear "1996" @default.
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