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• W1796165749 abstract "Introduction1 Over the last two decades scholars working within the political ecology approach have revealed how economic differentiation and marginal ization resulting from capitalist incorporation have lead to unsustainable land use in rural, third world societies. However, there are also many cases of communities building productive and sustainable intensive agriculture despite their inclusion in the capitalist political economy.2 The literature on agrarian change in twentieth century sub-Saharan Africa provides a diverse picture of both the progressive deterioration in agricultural productivity and land-degradation as well as cases of successful intensification and sustainable production of both cash- and food-crops. While many authors have claimed that the development of intensive agriculture in Africa is the result of population pressure and market expansion,3 others have challenged the idea that intensification is a recent market and population driven change in agricultural systems. They point out that African agrarian history shows repeated processes of intensification and disintensification over time, and that these are dependent on complex interactions between political economic and environmental factors.4 For example, while the historical trajectories of irrigated agriculture in the highlands of northeastern Tanzania have been attributed to population pressure,5 regional scale studies show divergent and shifting trends in land use and population growth. While irrigation on Kilimanjaro has been maintained, its spatial configuration has changed over time. In the case of West Usambara increased population densities have been accompanied by a progressive disintensification and decline in irrigation. In Arusha, irrigation was expanded throughout the colonial period6 while in North Pare (see below) investments in land declined. Clearly, such varied trajectories in land use cannot be explained by demographic factors alone. I argue, rather that changes in agricultural practices are dependent both on the local level social organization of production, and regional economic and social processes. Furthermore, such regional and local interconnections mitigate the impact of spatially and structurally distant factors. I suggest that the extent to which sustainable, intensive cultivation can be maintained is dependent on the capacity of social and economic arrangements to retain wealth within a regional system. 7 This hypothesis parallels Sara Berry's approach to agricultural intensification in Africa, which emphasizes the importance of social institutions and networks of access to labor and resources in influencing farmers' land-use. She argues that the proliferation of the new social and economic relationships that emerged during the twentieth century undermined family and kinship hierarchies and thus the ability of farmers to access a stable and predictable labor force.8 Hence, together with the lack of monetary resources to hire labor, the diversification in socioeconomic strategies and opportunities that followed upon these new relationships undermine long-term investments in intensive cultivation.9 However, Berry's model does not account for the opposite trend in investments such as that of irrigation on the South Pare plains. In this paper I attempt to answer the question of why irrigated agriculture developed on the eastern side of the South Pare Mountains during the colonial period.10 My aim is not to present a chronological and detailed history of these systems but rather to propose some possible causal interrelationships between the colonial political economy and regional political ecology. As a unit of study, the has a long but episodic career in the anthropology and history of sub-Saharan Africa. The region, scholars argue, provides an analytical interface between the wider world-system and the local community. Many historians have used region as a descriptive rather than analytical tool and do not specify which factors give the concept theoretical coherence. …" @default.
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• W1796165749 date "2008-09-01" @default.
• W1796165749 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W1796165749 title "Regional Political Ecology and Intensive Cultivation in Pre-Colonial and Colonial South Pare, Tanzania" @default.
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