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• W1807210279 abstract "Cronin & Mech (2009) suggested that in our recent study on the genetics of the Great Lakes wolves (Koblmüller et al. 2009) we misrepresented the literature in two cases and engaged in ‘indefinite use of terminology’. Nowak (2002) used morphological data to assess the status of wolves from Eastern North America. On the basis of this analysis and historical data, he clearly advocates recognizing the Great Lakes wolf as subspecies Canis lupus lycaon. For this reason, we find it appropriate to use this citation in support of morphological differentiation between C. l. lycaon and other subspecies of gray wolves in North America. For a discussion of morphological and ecological differences in Great Lakes wolves, see Kolenosky & Standfield (1975). The second ‘discrepancy’ Cronin & Mech raised concerns the sentence ‘Note added in proof’ in which we state the genetic data of Wheeldon & White (2009) support our conclusions. Wheeldon & White (2009) sequenced a fragment of the mitochondrial control region from three historic Great Lakes area wolves. They identified two haplotypes, both of which were identical to sequences found in our much larger sample of historic Great Lakes area wolves. For this reason and considering the importance of authenticity in ancient DNA studies, we find our statement appropriate. As this statement was a note in proof, we wanted to limit our comment to a sentence, but thought it was necessary to direct the reader to another relevant, recently published article. As discussed by Cronin & Mech, Wheeldon & White’s (2009) conclusions differ from our own with regard to the history and origin of the Great Lakes wolves. We maintain that the discrepancy in interpretation reflects different a priori assumptions about the phylogenetic relationships among North American canids. Based on phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA control region sequences, previous and recent studies suggest widespread hybridization between coyotes and current and historic Great Lakes wolves (Lehman et al. 1991; Wilson et al. 2000, 2003; Leonard & Wayne 2008; Kays et al. 2009; Rutledge et al. 2009). Such hybridization causes reticulations in mtDNA phylogenetic trees and confounds evolutionary inference. Nonetheless, primarily on the basis of a clustering of mtDNA sequences of wolves from the Algonquin Provincial Park and surrounding areas (plus red wolves) with coyotes and a weakly supported genetic similarity based on microsatellites loci, Wilson et al. (2000) hypothesized that the Great Lakes wolf (including the red wolf C. rufus) is a distinct species that has evolved in North America and is closely related to the coyote. This underlying assumption is maintained in subsequent publications. We (Koblmüller et al. 2009) feel that the separate origin hypothesis is controversial and the data are not sufficient to support Wheeldon & White’s (2009) a priori assumptions about the phylogenetic position of Great Lakes wolves. The intent of our study was to use more genetic markers (in our case additional autosomal and Y-chromosomal microsatellite loci) to clarify the evolutionary history of these ‘problematic’ taxa in an objective fashion. As argued in our study, we suggest that these new data support the Great Lakes wolf as a distinct ecotype of the gray wolf. The strongest argument for a sister group relationship of Great Lakes wolves (plus red wolves) and coyotes has been the finding that historic Great Lakes wolves were dominated by mitochondrial haplotypes closely related to western coyotes. However, as explained by Cronin & Mech in the fourth paragraph of their comment, analyses of a single genetic marker ‘do not necessarily reflect species and population status’. Introgressive hybridization leading to complete replacement of mtDNA (through drift or selection) on a regional scale (e.g. Melo-Ferreira et al. 2005; Nyingi & Agnése 2007; Good et al. 2008) or even throughout a species’ distribution range (e.g. Nevado et al. 2009) seems to be more common than previously thought. To obtain a more complete picture of the history of these wolves and their relationships with other wolves and coyotes, more data, in addition to mtDNA, are required. Wheeldon & White (2009) attempted to satisfy this requirement by typing eight nuclear microsatellites. Unfortunately, those loci were not sufficiently informative (see their PCA scatterplot, figure 1 in Wheeldon & White 2009). Our study included the analysis of 26 independent autosomal microsatellite markers, which allowed us to draw much stronger conclusions, clearly demonstrating that Great Lakes wolves are related more closely to western gray wolves than to coyotes, despite ongoing gene flow in the Great Lakes region. This scenario also is supported by our Y-chromosomal data (although we regret that only four historic Great Lakes wolf samples could be successfully genotyped at all six Y-chromosomal loci). We strongly believe that all published data should be made available to any interested party. Many of the mitochondrial DNA sequences included in Koblmüller et al. (2009) were taken from the literature (for details see Material and Methods section). The mtDNA haplotypes novel to our study have been submitted to GenBank (GQ849369-GQ849391). No Y-chromosome DNA sequences are available because none was generated in this study. Our Y-chromosome haplotypes are based on length polymorphisms at six microsatellite loci (again, we refer interested parties to the Materials and Methods section of Koblmüller et al. 2009 for more details). Requests for data not in public repositories (e.g. there is no generally recognized public repository for length polymorphism data) should be made directly to the authors. Cronin and Mech suggest that instead of clarifying the taxonomy of the wolves from around the Great Lakes, which was one of our goals, we create confusion through ‘undefined terminology and unclear application of taxonomy’ and then suggest that ‘for North American Canis, it is wise to avoid typological thinking and designation of formal taxonomic names’. The species level status of gray wolves (Canis lupus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) have been consistently supported in the literature and genetic studies have found little evidence of hybridization between them outside the Great Lakes area (Pilgrim et al. 1998; Hailer & Leonard 2008). Discarding this large body of work and calling them all Canis sp. does not clarify the situation, but obscure it. For this reason, we use the well defined species designations of gray wolves and coyotes. The taxonomy of the Great Lakes wolves is less clear and a number of different evolutionary scenarios have been proposed (see above). Testing among these different hypotheses was the subject of our study, and for that reason, we did not initially advocate a specific taxonomy of Great Lakes wolves. We found that the genetic data were not compatible with the hypothesis that the Great Lakes area wolves are a recently evolved species related more closely to coyotes than to wolves. Rather, our data show Great Lakes area wolves are gray wolves (Canis lupus). Within gray wolves, genetic partitions have been identified that are associated with habitat (i.e. Carmichael et al. 2001, 2007; Pilot et al. 2006; Leonard et al. 2007; Musiani et al. 2007; Muñoz-Fuentes et al. 2009). These habitat-associated genetic units have not currently been given subspecific status; they have just been referred to as ‘ecotypes’ in previous studies. In gray wolves, the criteria for designating subspecies are not clearly defined, but historically have been based on phenotypic rather than genetic data. For this reason, we refer to the Great Lakes wolf as an ‘ecotype’ to emphasize the association between genetics and ecological factors and do not attempt to define subspecies. Cronin & Mech say ‘phylogenetic relationships at the species level are seldom definitive’. We operate on the working hypothesis that ‘species’ exist. A philosophical discussion on the existence of species is beyond the scope of this response (see Hey 2006). We agree with Cronin & Mech that ‘maintaining a fit wolf population is an important management consideration’. The data we present in Koblmüller et al. (2009) are all neutral genetic markers. They show that Great Lakes wolf-like canids are closely related to gray wolves that have in the past, and are today, hybridizing with coyotes. These data do not directly allow an assessment of fitness. The observation that the wolves around the Great Lakes began hybridizing with coyotes after a period of persecution and habitat modification by humans may suggest causality. Furthermore, the level of hybridization and introgression was not uniform across the region. For these reasons, we suggested in Koblmüller et al. (2009) and maintain here that ‘more information on the variation in ecological factors and the extent of hybridization in the different regions could help determine, which circumstances favour hybridization, and provide guidelines for management to maintain Great Lakes wolf integrity in the future’." @default.
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• W1807210279 date "2009-12-01" @default.
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