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• W181110219 abstract "In 1678, Samuel Shaw, a late Renaissance schoolmaster, published a play called Words Made Visible: or Rhetorick Accommodated to Lives and Manners of Men. Written earlier for performance by his scholars at Ashby-de-la-Zouch grammar school, this allegorical play brings figures and tropes on stage to explain and illustrate their functions. Turning schoolboys' toil in rhetoric into a pastime, it provides humorous instruction in arts of style and delivery. Although its purpose is pedagogical, literary, this relatively unknown Renaissance text deserves scholarly attention. Presenting a view of tropes and figures that stands in stark contradistinction to generally accepted assessments of Renaissance understandings of style, Shaw's play can also serve as theoretical explication of Shakespeare's practice eighty years earlier in Titus Andronicus. Such remarkable congruency between Shaw's theory and Shakespeare's practice provides persuasive evidence that scholarly conclusions regarding both Renaissance instruction in elocutio and Shakespeare's rhetorical sophistication in this early play need revision. Shaw' s drama presents Prince Ellogus (Style) and his brother Prince Eclogus (Delivery) in debate over who has succeeded best at propagat[ing] their father Rhetoric's (101-02). With Affection a silent onlooker, Ellogus orders Invention to call forth and Figures, who argue for their ubiquity, but debate ends when Eclogus, in spite of Voice and Gesture's obvious servitude to figures, declares his equal power: But before we part I do here declare that Prince Elocution with all his and Figures signifies nothing without Pronunciation (187). This avowed inseparability between figure and behavior, both of which are connected to thought (invention) and emotion (affections), is also announced at beginning of play when Prologus states that live and Figures as well as speak them: and this is thing that is principally design'd to be represented to (99). Trope repeats point, and explicitly extends domain of figures to thought, ideology and act ion, when he boasts that both he and Figure govern not onely in those babbling things call'd words [...] but in manners and minds, in practices and principles (109). Not only does Shaw make explicit that tropes and figures are thought patterns or arguments reflected in speech, action, and ideology, but also that all human activity is figure, language. Despite Eclogus's accusation that figures and tropes draw language from a plain and honest style to an artificial and deceptive manner of speaking (Shaw is familiar with common charges brought against rhetoric), figures each reply in turn that they are as necessary for virtue as for vice and that they exercise power everywhere. Figure explains that Tropes and Figures do indifferently serve designs of Vertue and honesty, as well as their contraries, as we hope to make evident to you before you go hence (109). Trope says to his son Metonimy, [I]t is plain hath but two parts, good men and bad, and I see you have got them and then addresses Prince Eclogus: [I]f you can shew him a man, that is neither good nor bad nor both, nor neither, he shall confess him to be an Alien to his Dominions (1 15). Metonimy has introduced himself as the great Nomenclator of World, but excuses himself from an account of all his conquests since what is most signal, where every thing is signal, it is hard to say (113). Invention mentions that sons of Trope (metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony) could be called by four parts of World or the quarters of Heavens (112), claim signifying their ubiquity. Irony too claims that dissimulation and deceit are as necessary to practice of Vertue as to propagation of Vice. Can any man wisely manage office of a King, a Captain or a Master of any kind, that does sometime pretend to a displeasure, which he has really conceiv'd, assume a severity which is really in his nature, and wink at a fault which yet he sees plain enough? …" @default.
• W181110219 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W181110219 date "2000-09-22" @default.
• W181110219 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W181110219 title "Synecdoche, Tropic Violence, and Shakespeare's Imitatio in Titus Andronicus" @default.
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