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- W182197194 abstract "The Flourishing of Jewish Sects in the Maccabean Era: An Interpretation, by Albert I. Baumgarten. Supplements to JSJ 55. Leiden/New York/Cologne: Brill, 1997. Pp. xiv + 240. $84.50. Albert Baumgarten's articles on many aspects of Second Temple Judaism have long been influential, but this is the first time he has put forward overall explanation of the prominence of sectarian groups such as the Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, and the Qumran community in the religious history of this period. The result is a study of great significance. With uncommonly consistent sensitivity to the inherent uncertainties of historiography, he claims only to offer an interpretation, and it is doubtless true that many of his suggestions must remain hypothetical, but the depth and vigor of his inquiry are so impressive that many of his multifarious observations may well become standard. Baumgarten's method is (wisely) to concentrate not on speculation about the earlier origins of Jewish sects but on the Maccabean age, on the ground that this was a period of rapid political, social, and cultural change in which these groups are known to have flourished. This enables him to use the extensive evidence in the writings of Josephus and in 4QMMT, but he also derives much insight from analogies with sectarianism in other places and times, above all in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England and in modern Israel. Many different themes emerge-on a general level, the encounter with Hellenism, the impact of literacy and urbanization, the effects of political independence, and the influence of eschatological ideas; more specifically, issues such as the role of food, dress, and marriage patterns as boundary markers for sectarian groups. Baumgarten's broad conclusion is that disappointment with the ambivalent attitude of the Hasmoneans to Hellenism, coinciding with increased literacy and urbanization, encouraged dissent among individuals socially and economically quite firmly embedded within Judean society, and that these dissenters formed groups (only loosely termed sects) under the impact of millenarian expectation fostered at a time of Jewish selfrule. But Baumgarten is so cautious in this proposal and has so many other things to say (for instance, about the difference between victorious millenarianism and the millenarianism of despair [pp. 156-85] ), that this summary is far too simplistic to do justice to the sophistication of his argument. In fact the book has interesting ideas of widely varying kinds on almost every page. Nothing is asserted without a reason being provided. …" @default.
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- W182197194 title "The Flourishing of Jewish Sects in the Maccabean Era: An Interpretation" @default.
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