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• W1823602333 abstract "This paper presents an up-to-date inventory of the known rock art/petroglyph sites in the United Arab Emirates. Descriptions of the forty-two rock art sites, material finds, manufacturing techniques, and motifs present on the petroglyphs are outlined in Table 1. Evidence concerning chronological indicators and theories relating to the interpretation of particular motifs are also discussed. Table 1. Inventory of rock art sites within the U.A.E. (8). Site: GPS: (Datum WGS 84): No. rec.: Location: Sites/finds: Technique/s (9): Motifs (gen): Site 1:Wadi al-Hayl (10). (Fujairah) N 25° 5′ 5.5′′E 56° 13′ 35.0′′ 111 Wadi al-Hayl is located in the southern mountains of Fujairah Emirate.The petroglyphs are located on isolated boulders and large rocks. These are dispersed throughout the wād? system on terraces, slopes, and tributary ‘awdia. Various examples are found throughout the Islamic cemetery and settlement remains. Bayt Sheikh Abdullah bin Hamdan al-Sharqi, established during the early 1930s (11).Associated Kunud tribe village, established prior to the 1930s (12).Earlier settlements of Islamic period date.Hillfort, C14 date: AD 1470–1705 (13).Located nearby Petroglyphs 102, 108 and 109, are three, circular-shaped, rock built burials. These are comparable to examples recorded in Wadi Saqamqam (14).Fragment of an Iron Age period soft stone lid (15).Ceramics of the 2nd and 1st millennia BC (16).A pre-Islamic, circular-shaped grave (diam, ca 5 m) (Fig. 3), with associated Umm an/al Nar period ceramic sherds (Fig. 4). Percussion: outline; in-filled.Friction: scratched.There are also some instances of overlapping, that is, superimposition. Zoomorphs (camel, horse {and rider}, snake, leopard (5, 6), ibex?, various).Anthropomorphs (rider {and horse}, various) (Fig. 7).Geometric (ovoid {foot}, cruciform, various) (17).The anthropomorph in P93, panel 1 (Fig. 8), is comparable to an example from Site 6 Awhala P1 (Fig. 9). Both have comparable dress, figures and mannerisms.The anthropomorph in P103 (Fig. 10) from within the Islamic cemetery is comparable with two examples from sites in the Sultanate of Oman (18). Site 2:Wadi Saham (19) (Fujairah) N 25° 6′ 39′′E 56° 12′ 27.6′′ 27 Located in the southern mountains of Fujairah Emirate.The petroglyphs are located on boulders and large rocks.Three closely related areas of rock art located on terraces, either side of the dirt track through the wād?. Undated circular-shaped tombs and settlement remains of the Islamic period (20). Percussion: outline; in-filled.Friction: scratched.Petroglyph 1, panel 1 shows signs of superimposition (Fig. 11). Zoomorphs (horse {and rider}, camel, snake).Anthropomorphs (rider {and horse}, various).Geometric (ovoid {foot}, cruciform, capital T, various).Capital T motifs from Wadi Saham (P1, panels 1 & 2) (Fig. 11) are also present at Site 11, Wadi Ashwani (B), (P4); Site 18, Lulyyah (P1 & P2) (Fig. 12); and Site 35, Wadi il-Hilu, (P2).Comparable examples from sites in Oman are illustrated in Jäckli (21). Site 3:Bidyah Mosque (22) (Fujairah) N 25° 26′ 16′′E 56° 21′ 9′′ 17 This site is positioned midway along the East Coast of the UAE in the Emirate of Fujairah.The petroglyphs are found on boulders and large rocks.The majority of these are located on the low mountain slope between Bidyah mosque and the adjacent watchtower. Bidyah mosque: dated to the second half of the 17th century. C14: AD1450–1670 (23). Bidyah mosque is not mentioned in any of the Portuguese documents from the 16th century or early 17th century. Nor is it noted in Dutch accounts from 1645 and 1666 (24).Late Islamic period settlement (including watchtowers, buildings, garden terrace walls and ceramics) (25). Percussion: outline; in-filled. Zoomorphs (horse {and rider}).Geometric (ovoid {foot}, various).Anthropomorphs (rider {and horse}, various). Anthropomorph with raised arms and a circle outline for a head (P14) (Fig. 13): comparable examples have also been noted at Site 1, Wadi al-Hayl (P97) (Fig. 7) and Site 11, Wadi Ashwani (B) (P4) (Fig. 14). Site 4:Wadi Thayb (26) (Fujairah) N 25° 15′ 7.9′′E 56° 19′ 52.8′′ 23 This site is situated in a wād?, north of Fujairah city, behind the coastal village of Qurayyah.The petroglyphs are located on boulders and arge rocks (Fig. 15).These are positioned at the base of the mountains and on wād? terraces.Certain areas of the site have been bulldozed. Rock built enclosures (rectangular, circular and oval in shape) (27).Islamic graves.Modern farm.Disused garden terrace walls and cleared areas. Four of the petroglyphs (P18, 19, 21, 22) have attached, enclosing rock walls (Fig. 16).Circular-shaped, rock built burials, which are comparable to examples recorded in Wadi Saqamqam (28). Petroglyphs P13 and P14 are located within a circular-shaped structure (grave?) (Fig. 17). This grave also appears to contain an exterior wall, which partially encloses the structure.Islamic period ceramics (red coarse ware, 1 sherd of sgraffiato, ca 12th/13th century AD) A number of sherds are reminiscent of Iron Age coarse wares. Percussion: outline; in-filled.Friction: rubbed.Superimposition, P19, panel 1. Anthropomorphs (rider {and horse}, various).Geometric (cruciform, ovoid {foot}, spiral, various).Zoomorphs (horse {and rider}, horse, various) (Fig. 18). Site 5:Husn Awhala (29) (Fujairah) N 24° 54′ 33.3′′E 56° 18′ 16.2′′ 2 The site is situated in the southern mountains of Fujairah. The two petroglyphs were located on a large terrace between the mountains and the wād? base. They were noted on two boulders. Islamic period fort, ca 19th/20th centuries AD.Iron Age II period fort (30).A series of large, prehistoric burial mounds, which have since been destroyed.One of the petroglyphs was contained within an oval-shaped rock built enclosure, one course in height (31). Date unclear. Percussion: outline. Geometric. Site 6:Awhala (32) (Fujairah) N 24° 54′ 22.8′′E 56° 18′ 23.5′′N 24° 54′ 23.8′′E 56° 18′ 39.6′′ 10 The site is situated in the southern mountains of Fujairah.It is located on the southern side of Wadi il-Hilu/Wadi Awhala. That is, it is situated on the opposite side of the wād? to the forts at Site 5.The petroglyphs are on boulders, which are located on terraces above the wād? base.The two zones of rock art are separated by low lying hills. A series of large, prehistoric burial mounds (33).Rock built structures (enclosures) and walls.Circular-shaped, rock built burials, which are comparable to examples recorded in Wadi Saqamqam (34). Percussion: outline; in-filled. Geometric (ovoid {foot}, various).Zoomorphs (camel, horse, leopard (Fig. 19), various) (Fig. 20).Anthropomorphs (various). Site 7:Bithnah (A) (35) (Fujairah) N 25° 11′ 28.5′′E 56° 14′ 9.9′′ 4 Located at the village of Bithnah in the Wadi Ham, north-west of Fujairah. Situated on a slight rise just above the base of the wād?. ’'along an old track to the north-west of the village’’ (36).The petroglyphs are on boulders. There is nothing in the immediate vicinity of these petroglyphs.Archaeological finds from the village of Bithnah range in date from the Wadi Suq period (2000-1600 BC), Late Bronze Age (1600-1250 BC) (37), Iron Age and Late pre-Islamic periods. A substantial amount of material from the Islamic period is also present in the area. Percussion: outline. Zoomorphs and anthropomorphs (38). Site 8:Bithnah (B) (39) (Fujairah) N 25° 10′ 59.5′′E 56° 14′ 5.1′′ 2 Located within the modern village of Bithnah. The petroglyphs are on boulders.They are located at the base of a jabal. Located below an Iron Age II period hillfort (40).Signs of Late Islamic period occupation: watchtowers, khaimah type house, rock walls, cleared areas, ceramic. Percussion: outline. Zoomorphs (camel); and anthropomorphs. Site 9:Bithnah (C) (Fujairah) N 25° 11′ 30.9′′E 56° 14′ 34.5′′ 1 Located on a terrace in a tributary wād? to the east of Bithnah. Located within an abandoned Islamic period settlement (wall fragments and enclosures); red coarse ware ceramics (Islamic).The petroglyph is on a boulder, which forms part of a rectangular-shaped rock built enclosure (Fig. 21). Percussion: outline; partially in-filled. N/A (Fig. 22). Site 10:Wadi Ashwani (A) (41) (Fujairah) N 28°15.428′E 56°8.699′ 3 Wadi Ashwani is located in the mountains to the northwest of Fujairah. This site has since been bulldozed (42).Three petroglyphs were located on stones which had fallen from a number of undated stone cairns in the immediate vicinity (43).Glazed pottery sherds (44). Percussion: outline. Zoomorphs (horse {and rider}, leopard?, camel) (45).Anthropomorphs (rider {and horse}, various). Site 11:Wadi Ashwani (B) (46) (Ras al-Khaimah/ Fujairah?) N 25° 14′ 26.6′′E 56° 8′ 29.6′′ 4 Wadi Ashwani is located to the northwest of Fujairah. The petroglyphs were found midway through the wād?, from Siji to Daftah.The petroglyphs are located on three boulders and one large rock. They are situated beside a dirt track, which runs through the wād?. Cleared areas nearby the petroglyphs.Roughly 1 km further along the wād? (in the direction of Daftah), are examples of circular graves. These are comparable to examples recorded in Wadi Saqamqam (47). Percussion: outline; in-filled.Friction: scratched. Zoomorphs (horse {and rider}).Anthropomorphs (rider {and horse}, various. Anthropomorphs with raised arms and a circle outline for a head (P4) (Fig. 14): examples have also been noted at Site 1, Wadi al-Hayl (P97) and Site 3, Bidyah Mosque (P14).Geometric (capital T (P4) (Fig. 14), dot-in-circle, various). Capital T motifs have also been noted at Site 2, Wadi Saham (P1, panels 1 & 2) and Site 18, Lulyyah (P1 & P2). Site 12:Wadi Ash Sha'm (48) (Ra's al-Khaimah) N/A 1 Wadi Ash Sha'm is located in the northern tract of Ras al-Khaimah. It is a village on the western littoral, just south of the Oman border. The petroglyph consists of one large rock, on the right side of the track in the wād?, leading up to Hat Awali (49). Late Islamic period settlement; 18th century Chinese blue and white porcelain; underglaze painted ware; incised ware; unglazed handmade painted pottery (17th-18th century) (50). Percussion: outline. Anthropomorphs and zoomorphs (horse and rider).Geometric (cruciform). Site 13:Wadi al Jareef (51) (Fujairah) N 25° 31′ 38.3′′E 56° 5′ 20.5′′ 1 The site is located in the northern mountains of Fujairah. It is situated on a raised terrace within the wād?.The boulder containing the petroglyph forms an Islamic grave (52) (Fig. 23). Islamic cemetery and stone mosque; stone artefact scatter (flaked pieces, cores and small chips) (53). Percussion: outline. Geometric: a heart-shaped motif with a bisecting line (Fig. 24). Site 14:Wadi Mai (54) (Fujairah) N 25° 2′ 35.0′′E 56° 14′ 36.3′′ 10 Located in the southern mountains of Fujairah.Nine petroglyphs are located on large rocks and boulders at the end of the dirt track through the wād?. One is, situated on the lower half of the mountain slope, whilst the remainder are on the wād? terrace. A number of rock built structures are present nearby. The entire wād? is filled with structures from the Islamic period (walls, disused gardens, enclosures {including houses}). Percussion: outline; in-filled (Fig. 25).Friction: rubbed.Superimposition. Zoomorphs (horse, camel, various) (26, 27).Anthropomorphs (various). Petroglyph P2, panel 1, contains anthropomorphs with distinctive ‘puffy skirts’ (Fig. 28). A similar motif has been recorded at Site 20, Khor Kalba (B), (P3). Comparable examples have been noted in the Sultanate of Oman (55).Geometric (ovoid {foot}, cruciform, various). Site 15:West of Awhala (56) (Sharjah/ Fujairah?) P1:No coordinate available.P2:N 24° 54′ 44.0′′E 56° 17′ 24.0′′P3:N 24° 54′ 32.2′′E 56° 17′ 29.8′′ 3 Located within the mountains south of Fujairah city. These petroglyphs are on boulders scattered throughout the wād? terraces. P1Nearby is a pre-Islamic grave (exact date unclear).P2: N/AP3Situated close by are prehistoric graves (possibly 2nd and first mill BC), a copper slag scatter, Islamic graves, and rock built structures, plus a modern farmstead. Percussion: outline. Anthropomorphs (various). Petroglyph 1 contains three anthropomorphs holding hands (Fig. 29). A comparable example is located at Site 20, Khor Kalba (B), P4 (Fig. 30). The Khor Kalba example contains two figures, however, the overall charac teristics are similar. A more simplified version of three anthropomorphs, holding hands, was noted in the Sultanate of Oman (57).Geometric (ovoid {foot}, various). Site 16:Hatta (58) (Dubai) N 24° 46′ 46.4′′E 56° 6′ 58.0′′ 48 Located on boulders (and one large rock), in the mountains south of Hatta. The petroglyphs are situated on a wād? terrace (Fig. 31) (59). Cleared areas; rock built enclosures and structures; wall fragments (Fig. 32).A hammerstone.P48 appears to be part of a grave-type structure (33, 34), which is comparable to examples recorded in Wadi Saqamqam (60). Percussion: outline; in-filled.Friction: rubbed. Anthropomorphs (various).Zoomorphs (camel, snake, horse, various).Geometric (ovoid {foot}, meandering pattern, various).Note: P18 contains an anthropomorph and zoomorph (Fig. 35), which in terms of composition and motifs are comparable to P1, Site 6, Awhala (Fig. 9).Note: P23 appears to be a camel with a ‘saddle’ (Fig. 36). This saddle type, known as the ‘‘šadād’’, is illustrated in Jung (61). Depictions of this saddle type are also found in Yemeni rock art (62).Note: P35, Hatta, is similar to P1 at Site 31, Rul Dhadnah (wād?) (Fig. 37). Both examples are of ‘meandering patterns’. Comparable compositions have been recorded in the Sultanate of Oman (63). Site 17:Wadi Shi (64) (Sharjah, East Coast) N 25° 20′ 50.5′′E 56° 19′ 38.4′′ 5 Located in the mountains north of Fujairah and inland of Khor Fakkan.The petroglyphs are situated on a terrace, positioned on the east southeast side of the wād?.They are located on large rocks, with one panel being situated within the mountain face. There are no other finds in the immediate vicinity. Percussion: outline. Zoomorphs (horse {and rider}, horse, camel).Anthropomorphs (rider {and horse}, various.Geometric (various).Ship/boat motif (Fig. 38): A comparable ship/boat motif from the Sultanate of Oman is reproduced in Jäckli (65); and a painted example from Dhofar (C-1-Area No 3, Location 1) is illustrated in Al-Shahri (66). Another comparable ship/boat motif is illustrated in de Cardi. This examples was recorded in the Ruus al-Jibal, at the site of Wadi Qidah (67). Site 18:Lulyyah (68) (Sharjah, East Coast) N 25° 22′ 50.1′′E 56° 21′ 15.6′′ 2 Located on the lower half of the coastal mountain slopes, between Luly yah and Khor Fakkan, Sharjah. These examples were located on two large rocks. Situated within the same area are a large number of burial cairns (Iron Age?) and ceramic comparable to Iron Age material (69). A bronze awl was also recovered by Essa Abbas. Percussion: outline; in-filled. Geometric: (capital T) (Fig. 12). The ‘capital T’ motif is present at Site 2, Wadi Saham (P1, panels 1 & 2) (Fig. 11); Site 11, Wadi Ashwani (B), (P4) and Site 35, Wadi il-Hilu, (P2). Comparable examples from sites in Oman are illustrated in Jäckli (70). Site 19:Khor Kalba (A) (71) (Sharjah, East Coast) N 24° 59′ 15.2′′E 56° 20′ 20.0′′ 2 Located on an isolated jabal on the coastal plain, between the mangroves and the mountains. This jabal is beside the road leading into Awhala from the main coastal highway.The petroglyphs are positioned on two large rocks, on the northern face of the jabal. Cleared terraces with rock walls, and lookouts with rock-built walls. Percussion: outline; in-filled. Anthropomorph and zoomorphs (Fig. 39). Site 20:Khor Kalba (B) (72) (Sharjah, East Coast) N 24° 59′ 21.4′′E 56° 20′ 53.9′′ 21 Located on an isolated jabal close to the coast and the mangroves. The jabal is located to the west of the main coastal highway (73).The petroglyphs are located on boulders and large rocks. Located atop the jabal are a group of stone-built structures (date and function unclear) preserved to heights of 1 to 1.5 metres.Prehistoric burial cairns (date unclear).Bifacial stone tools dated to the 5th millennium BC, and a shell midden (74). Percussion: outline; in-filled.Friction: rubbed. Zoomorphs (gazelle?, snake, horse, various) (Fig. 40).P9 contains a zoomorphic motif (lower figure), which appears to be depicted as pregnant (Fig. 41).Anthropomorphs (various).P3 contains an anthropomorph with a distinctive ‘puffy skirt’. Comparable motifs have been recorded at Site 14, Wadi Mai, P2, panel 1 (Fig. 28). Examples have also been noted in the Sultanate of Oman (75).P4 contains two figures holding hands (Fig. 30). Site 15, West of Awhala, P1 contains three anthropomorphs holding hands (Fig. 29). The overall characteristics of both petroglyphs are similar. A more simplified version of three anthropomorphs, holding hands, was noted in the Sultanate of Oman (76).Geometric: (ovoid {foot}, various). Site 21:Qarn Bint Sa'ud (77) (Al Ain, Abu Dhabi) N/A ? Situated 15 km north of Al Ain (78), is the rocky outcrop/jabal of Qarn bint Sa'ud.The motifs are located within caves in the hill and on the face of the outcrop (79). Sites within the immediate vicinity are unclear. The site in general includes Hafit type graves, Umm an/al-Nar tombs, Wadi Suq burials, Iron Age burials and settlement (80). ‘‘Carving’’ and ‘‘paintings’’ (81). Zoomorphs: (cattle, oryx) (82). Site 22:North Spur- Jebel Hafit (83) (Al Ain, Abu Dhabi) N/A ? Located on the north spur of Jebel Hafit (84). Sites within the immediate vicinity are unclear. The site in general includes Neolithic period remains, Hafit period burials, and Islamic period material (85). Friction? ‘‘Cup-marks’’ (86). Site 23:Husn Safad (87) (Fujairah) N 25° 13′ 7.5′′E 56° 18′ 25.5′′ 1 Located in the mountains north of Fujairah city, and inland from the coastal town of Qurayyah.The inscription is contained within a large panel. Quranic inscription located within a late Islamic period hillfort (88).Ceramics include ‘‘Julfar horizon pottery and glazed Persian imports’’ (89).Longden and Garfi have dated to the hillfort to ca 16th/17th centuries (90). Percussion: outline. Quranic inscription (Fig. 42): Partial translation: ‘‘There is no God but Alāh. Muhamad the messenger of Alāh….may Alāh pray upon him and give him peace’’ (91).Quranic inscriptions were also noted at Site 27, Hassat al-Risoom (92), and Site 42, Wadi Ghaf (93). Site 24:Saqamqam (94) (Fujairah) N 25° 9′ 57.9′′E 56° 20′ 5.9′′ 3 Located in the mountains to the north of Fujairah city. Situated in a wād? behind the modern village of Saqamqam.The petroglyphs are on boulders and a large rock. These are situated on a low slope, close to the wād? base. Recorded at the site are fourteen pre-Islamic tumuli/burial cairns (95). Percussion: outline.Friction: rubbed. Zoomorphs; Geometric (various); Anthropomorphs (Fig. 43). Site 25:Qidfa East (96) (Fujairah) N 25° 18′ 5.6′′E 56° 22′ 3.1′′ 30 The site is located on an isolated jabal, positioned between the date palm gardens and the coastline. The petroglyphs are on boulders and large rocks, situated on the low rises of the southern slopes. Also present at the site are late Islamic period remains, including a cemetery, stone-built mosque, settlement features, falaj, and defences (97). Ceramic at the site has been dated from the 17th to 19th centuries (98). Percussion: outline. Geometric (cruciform, ovoid {foot}, various).Anthropomorphs (rider {and horse}, various) (Fig. 44).Zoomorphs (horse {and rider}, snakes). Site 26:Qidfa (99) (Fujairah) N 25° 18′ 18.4′′E 56° 21′ 4.9′′ 2 Located on a small rocky jabal beside the main coastal highway from Dibba to Fujairah.The petroglyphs are located on two rocks. Located on the jabal are 6 oval-shaped rock-built enclosures, and Islamic period pottery (red coarse ware and fine ware).Situated close by is a large dam wall (100). Percussion: outline. Anthropomorph; Zoomorph, Geometric. Site 27:Hassat al-Risoom (101) (Fujairah) N 25° 30′ 25.5′′E 56° 6′ 13.7′′ 1 Located in the mountains to the northwest of Fujairah city, midway between the east and west coasts. Situated close by is the village of Roweida.The motifs are positioned on one large rock with numerous broken panels. These panels are located at the base of a rocky outcrop within a wād? system (Fig. 45). N/A Percussion: outline.Overlapping of motifs on panel 3. Zoomorphs (horse {and rider}, various).Anthropomorph (rider {and horse}, various).Geometric (ovoid {foot}, cruciform, various).Quranic inscription: See notes for Site 23, Husn Safad. Site 28:Wadi ah-Shanah (102) (Fujairah) N 24° 59′ 36.6′′E 56° 16′ 16.7′′ 6 Located within the mountains south of Fujairah city.The petroglyphs are located on boulders and large rocks throughout the wād?.Note-part of the site has been damaged by the construction of a new road. Situated throughout this wād? system are disused gardens, wells, and rock-built enclosures (rectangular) (103). Percussion: outline; in-filled.Friction: rubbed. Zoomorphs (horse {and rider}, various).Geometric (cruciform, dot-in-circle, ovoid {foot}, various).Anthropomorphs (rider {and horse}, various). Site 29:Al-Fara (104) (Fujairah). N 25° 8′ 16.8′′E 56° 14′ 10.5′′ 1 Located in the southern mountains of Fujairah, close to the entrance of Wadi Furfar.The petroglyph is located on a boulder, upon a wād? terrace. Bayt Sheikh Suhail bin Hamdan, established in the 1950s, associated settlement and various features including rock walls, enclosures and cleared areas of an unknown date (105).Pre-Islamic burial cairns with Iron Age pottery.Circular-shaped pre-Islamic graves comparable to examples recorded in Wadi Saqamqam (106). Percussion: outline. Geometric (various). Site 30:Wadi Ziqt (107) (Fujairah) N 25° 30′ 42.4′′E 56° 18′ 30.1′′ 1 The site is located in the mountains north of Fujairah city, and inland from Dhadnah on the East Coast.The site contains one large rock with numerous motifs. Signs of settlement throughout the wād? including walls and enclosures (Islamic?). Percussion: outline. Geometric (various); anthropomorph?. Site 31:Rul Dhadnah (wād?) (108) (Fujairah) N 25° 32′ 28.3′′E 56° 18′ 23.8′′ 1 The site is located in the mountains, north of Fujairah city, and inland from the coastal town of Rul Dhadnah.The petroglyph is situated within the natural face of the mountain slope. It is positioned at the base of the mountains and the terrace, above the wād? bed. There is nothing located in the immediate vicinity of this petroglyph, however, the wād? contains signs of Islamic period occupation throughout. Percussion: outline. Geometric (ovoid {foot}, meandering design).Note: P1 (Fig. 37) is similar to P35, Site 16, Hatta. Both examples are of ‘meandering patterns’. Comparable compositions have been recorded in the Sultanate of Oman (109). Site 32:Wadi Mathab (110) (Fujairah) N 25° 8′ 52.2′′E 56° 19′ 37.0′′ 3 The site is situated in the Wadi Mathab, to the northwest of Fujairah city.The three large rocks are located on the low slopes close to the wād? base. They are situated at the end of a dirt track, which skirts the base of the mountains. Circular-shaped pre-Islamic graves comparable to examples recorded in Wadi Saqamqam (111).Three circular-shaped rock-built enclosures, fragments of rock walls.Throughout the wād? in general is a late Islamic period hillfort (112); an Iron Age period hillfort (113); and copper roasting ovens (C14: AD 890-1015) (114). Percussion: outline. Anthropomorphs (rider {and horse}, various).Geometric (ovoid {foot}, various).Zoomorphs (horse {and rider}). Site 33:Zubarah (Sharjah, East Coast) N 25° 24′ 7.4′′E 56° 21′ 48.3′′ 1 Located on the coastal plain close to the date palm gardens and the shoreline. Behind the modern village of Zubarah. Islamic graves and a stone built mosque.The petroglyph is on a boulder, which forms part of a structure (mosque).The mosque is built with a double row of boulders (dry stone masonry). It is rectilinear in form with a crescent-shaped mahrāb aligned to Mecca. Percussion: outline.Friction: scratched. Geometric (ovoid {foot}, cruciform). Site 34:Jebel Haqab (115) (Fujairah) N 25° 5′ 37.2′′E 56° 18′ 57.5′′ 1 A coastal jabal located to the south of Fujairah city, close to the mountains.The petroglyph is located on a rock close to the top of the jabal. Pre-Islamic burial cairns (date unknown) (116). Percussion: outline; in-filled (117). Anthropomorphs (various) (Fig. 46).Geometric (ovoid {foot}, various). Site 35:Wadi il-Hilu (118) (Sharjah) N 24° 58′ 43.6′′E 56° 13′ 15.2′′ 6 The site is located in the mountains between Kalba and Mleiha. It is situated close to the new and old villages of Wadi il Hilu.The petroglyphs are located on large rocks at the base of the mountains. Remains of Islamic period settlement are located nearby, including garden terraces, walls, tobacco drying rooms, various enclosures and a watchtower within the garden terraces.The surrounding mountains contain various watchtowers (date unclear).Islamic period red coarse ware ceramics were noted in the garden terraces. Percussion: outline; in-filled. Zoomorphs (horse, bull?, various) (47, 48).Anthropomorphs (various).Geometric (capital T, dot-in-circle/s, various).Footnote: P2: Site 35: Wadi il-Hilu. Capital T motifs from Wadi Saham (P1, panels 1 & 2) (Fig. 11) are also present at Site 18, Lulyyah (P1 & P2) (Fig. 12). Comparable examples from sites in Oman are illustrated in Jäckli (119). Site 36:Wadi Daftah (120) (Ras al-Khaimah) N 25° 16′ 53.2′′E 56° 11′ 33.0′′ 119 Located in the mountains between Masafi and Fujairah. The wād? is situated northeast of the modern village of Daftah.The petroglyphs are located on boulders and large rocks. These are situated on several terraces above the wād? base (121). Cleared areas on the various terraces and various rock-built enclosures.A possible pre-Islamic grave.Ceramic (date unclear).Petroglyph P89 (Fig. 49) is located within the wall of a semi-circular shaped, rock-built enclosure on Terrace 3.Late Islamic period settlement remains including houses, enclosures, two hillforts, a watchtower, Islamic graves, and ceramics. Percussion: outline; in-filled.Friction: scratched, rubbed. Anthropomorphs (rider {and horse}, rider {and camel}, various).Zoomorphs (ibex?, snake, horse {and rider}, camel, camel {and rider}, various).Geometric (ovoid {foot}, cruciform, dot-in-circle, various). (50-53). Site 37:Wadi Laban (122) (Fujairah) N 25° 4′ 42.5′′E 56° 14′ 30.6′′ 1 The Wadi Laban is located in the southern mountains of Fujairah Emirate. The site is adjacent to Wadi al-Hayl. The petroglyph was located on a boulder, which was positioned just below the dirt track that once led from Wadi Laban into the Wadi al-Hayl. This track has since been closed off by the rock crushing company active in Wadi Laban, and the petroglyph has been destroyed. There was nothing present in the immediate vicinity. However, in the lower zones of Wadi Laban were the remains of Islamic period settlement, including houses, farms and falaj systems. Percussion: outline; in-filled. Zoomorphs and anthropomorphs (horse and rider, camel and rider) (Fig. 2). Site 38:Wadi Furfar (Fujairah) N 25° 9′ 27.7′′E 56° 12′ 32.2′′ 2 This site is located in the southern mountains of Fujairah Emirate. The two large rocks are situated on the low mountain slope above the wād? base. Farms and settlements (abandoned and still in use) are located throughout the wād?. Percussion: outline. Zoomorphs (camel?, various?)Anthropomorph (?) Site 39:Mleiha (123) (Sharjah) N 25° 7′ 1.1′′E 55° 52′ 19.1′′ 1 Located in the desert region south of Dhaid.The petroglyph is located on a large, broken rock, beside the walls of a late pre-Islamic period fort (Fig. 54). The petroglyph is located beside a fortification, which has been dated to the Late Pre-Islamic period, from the middle of the 3rd century BC until the 4th century AD (124). Percussion: outline. Anthropomorph (Fig. 55). Site 40:Mirbah (125) (Fujairah) N/A ? On the coastal plain north of Fujairah city. Unknown. Percussion: Zoomorph (bull? Bos indicus) (126). Site 41:Wadi Kubh (127) (Ra's al-Khaimah?) N/A 1 Located within the mountains 25 km inland from Idn, on the Manama to Ras al-Khaimah road. A 4 metre high block of pale granite situated at the side of the wād? (128). Unknown. Percussion. Zoomorph (camel).Zoomorph and anthropomorph (horse and rider).Geometric (cruciform, various). Site 42:Wadi Ghaf (129) (Ras al-Khaimah) N/A ? The site is located in the southern mountains of the UAE. The Wadi Ghaf is described as a tributary wād? of the Wadi al- Qaur/Qawr. The petroglyphs are located on boulders within the wād? (130). Sites in the immediate vicinity are unknown. A large amount of Iron Age period material has been recovered from Wadi al-Qawr (131).Wadi al-Qawr would have also been an important route from the interior of the UAE to the coast. Unknown. Zoomorphs and anthropomorphs (camel and rider).Inscription Quranic: ‘‘There is no God but God, Muhammad is the Prophet of God’’ (132).Quranic inscription: See notes for Site 23, Husn Safad. Figure 3Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 1, Wadi al-Hayl, circular-shaped grave (1 m scale). Figure 4Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 1, Wadi al-Hayl, ceramics from the circular-shaped grave (10 cm scale). Figure 5Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 1, Wadi al-Hayl, ‘leopard’ motif, P108 (10 cm scale). Figure 6Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 1, Wadi al-Hayl, ‘leopard’ motif, P66 (10 cm scale) Figure 7Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 1, Wadi al-Hayl, ‘anthropomorph’, P97 (10 cm scale). Figure 9Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 6, Awhala, ‘anthropomorph and zoomorph’, P1 (10 cm scale). Figure 11Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 2, Wadi Saham, P1 (panel 1) (1.5 m scale). Figure 12Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 18, Lulyyah, ‘Capital T’ motifs, P1 (10 cm scale). Figure 13Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 3, Bidyah mosque, ‘anthropomorphs’, P14 (10 cm & 50 cm scales). Figure 14Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 11, Wadi Ashwani (B), P4 (10 cm scale). Figure 15Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 4, Wadi Thayb, P15 (10 cm & 1 m scales). Figure 16Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 4, Wadi Thayb, P21, showing attached enclosure (10 cm & 1 m scales). Figure 17Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 4, Wadi Thayb, P13 & P14, ‘grave’ structure (10 cm scale). Figure 18Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 4, Wadi Thayb, P22, detail. Figure 19Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 6, Awhala, ‘leopard’ motif, P8 (panel 1). Figure 20Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 6, Awhala, ‘zoomorph’, P5. Figure 21Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 9, Bithnah (C), P1 and enclosure (10 cm & 1 m scales). Figure 22Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 9, Bithnah (C), P1 (10 cm scale). Figure 23Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 13, Wadi al-Jareef, P1 showing Islamic graves (10 cm scale). Figure 24Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 13, Wadi al-Jareef, P1 (detail) (10 cm scale). Figure 25Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 14, Wadi Mai, P2 (panel 1), various motifs (10 cm scale). Figure 26Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 14, Wadi Mai, P3, ‘zoomorphs’ (10 cm & 1 m scales). Figure 27Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 14, Wadi Mai, P6, ‘zoomorph’ (10 cm scale). Figure 28Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 14, Wadi Mai, P2 (panel 1), various motifs (10 cm scale). Figure 29Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 15, West of Awhala, P1, ‘anthropomorphs’ (20 cm scale). Figure 30Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 20, Khor Kalba (B), P4, ‘anthropomorphs’. Figure 31Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 16, Hatta, general view facing east. Figure 32Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 16, Hatta, general view of structures facing east. Figure 33Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 16, Hatta, P48, ‘antlropomorph’ (10 cm scale). Figure 34Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 16, Hatta, P48 and structure (grave?) (10 cm & 1 m scales). Figure 35Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 16, Hatta, P18, ‘anthropomorph and zoomorph’ (10 cm scale). Figure 36Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 16, Hatta, P23, ‘camel with saddle’ (10 cm scale). Figure 37Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 31, Rul Dhadnah (wadi), P1 (10 cm scale). Figure 38Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 17, Wadi Shi, P1 (panel 3), ‘ship/boat motif ‘ (10 cm scale). Figure 39Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 19, Khor Kalba (A), P1, ‘zoomorphs’ (10 cm scale). Figure 40Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 20, Khor Kalba (B), P11, ‘zoomorphs’. Figure 41Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 20, Khor Kalba (B), P9, ‘zoomorphs’. Figure 42Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 23, Husn Safad, P1, ‘Quranic inscription’. Figure 43Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 24, Saqamqam, P1 (panel 1, detail) (scale in 20 cm increments). Figure 44Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 25, Qidfa East, P14, ‘anthropomorph’ (15 cm scale). Figure 45Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 27, Hassat al-Risoom, P1, general view facing east (1.5 m scale). Figure 46Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 34, Jebel Haqab, P1, ‘anthropomorph’ (10 cm scale). Figure 47Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 35, Wadi il-Hilu, P1 (area 1), ‘zoomorphs’ (1 m scale). Figure 48Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 35, Wadi il-Hilu, P6, ‘zoomorph’ (10 cm scale). Figure 49Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 36, Wadi Daftah, P89, within enclosure wall (10 cm scale). Figure 50Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 36, Wadi Daftah, P65 foreground and P64 (panel 3) background, various motifs (10 cm & 1 m scales). Figure 51Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 36, Wadi Daftah, P56, various motifs (1 m scale). Figure 52Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 36, Wadi Daftah, P55 (panel 2), various motifs. Figure 53Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 36, Wadi Daftah, P94, various motifs (10 cm scale). Figure 54Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 39, Mleiha, P1, general view facing north (10 cm scale). Figure 55Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Site 39, Mleiha, P1 (detai1) (10 cm scale)." @default.
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