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- W1836507002 abstract "Epidemics have accompanied wars since antiquity. They have often influenced the outcome of battles and military campaigns, and have occurred among both soldiers and civilians. Favourable conditions for their emergence result from the destruction caused by fighting, the social disorganization and collapse of health systems, the slackening of hygiene and prevention of infectious diseases, and the weakening of populations, including by nutritional deficiency and deterioration in access to safe drinking water. Pathogens have also been used as biological weapons. Soldiers have sometimes been unintentional vectors of infections that have spread to the civilian population. In the seventh century, smallpox spread through North Africa, and thereafter through Europe with the Islamic armies [1]. There is presently little evidence of a significant relationship between soldiers and the spread of HIV [2]. However, military personnel have long been considered to constitute a high-risk population for sexually transmitted infection (including HIV in sub-Saharan Africa [3]), because they stay for long periods far from their home, they have frequent commercial sex, a feeling of invulnerability, and risk-taking behaviours, and they are potentially prone to coercive sex. For the record, the French troops that invaded Naples, Italy in 1495 were responsible for the first European epidemic of syphilis, initially known as the ‘Neapolitan disease’ in France and the ‘French disease’ in the rest of Europe. The spread of the 1918 influenza pandemic was facilitated by the crowded conditions of military camps and troop movements from the USA and probably Indochina to France during World War I. Some authors suggest that the ‘Spanish’ influenza had its origin in the winter of 1917, in and around military camps in northern France, where overcrowding, live pigs, geese, ducks and chickens, and mutagenic chemical weapons, could have contributed to the emergence of the pandemic virus [4]." @default.
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- W1836507002 date "2012-08-01" @default.
- W1836507002 modified "2023-09-30" @default.
- W1836507002 title "Soldiers and epidemics" @default.
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- W1836507002 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03932.x" @default.
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