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- W18376529 abstract "ABSTRACTClimate change might affect the development of water scarcity least in some areas of the world. Water scarcity means not only the availability but also the quality of water and sanitation. Climate change might reduce the capacity of the state to provide health care to the population. Thereby, climate change has direct and indirect impacts on human security and hence health effects may result from (climate change induced) water scarcity. Mainly developing countries will be affected by water scarcity due to their population increase. Water scarcity may lead to a reduction of institutional resources and thereby to a lack in the health care system. Therefore, climate change causes different factors which may promote local and/or transnational conflicts. This impacts the human security and health. Even though climate change is not the only reason for water scarcity, it may affect political and social conflicts and has thereby impact on populations' health.KEY WORDS: Climate Change, Water Scarcity, Conflict, Health and Well-being.Climate Change and Water ScarcityClimate change poses a potential threat to the earth's biodiversity. Recent assessments have shown that climate change could undermine the living conditions of people all over the world (Scheffram & Battaglini, 2010). Anthropogenic climate changes could cause water stress, food insecurity, soil degradation, natural disasters, and environmental migration. There is a growing consensus among scientists that climate change is creating a physical shortage of water which is likely to be a source of regional and international conflicts (Mukheibir, 2010).The concept of water scarcity needs to be understood in both global and regional contexts. Hydrologists typically assess scarcity by looking at the population-water equation (Mukheibir, 2010). From the water stress index, when a country falls below 1000 m3 of fresh water per person per year, it is considered a water-scarce country; and if it is below 500 m3, the country is considered to be in absolute water scarcity (Falkenmark, Lundquist, & Widstrand, 1989). It is reported that currently about 1.2 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water and this figure will be 2.7 to 3.5 billion people by 2025 if effective steps are not taken to mitigate the water scarcity problem (Mukheibir, 2010). The Middle East and some parts of Africa could suffer water scarcity as they are likely to run out of water (Qadir et al., 2003). Table 1 shows that some countries in Africa and the Middle East will be in the grip of serious water scarcity within the next fifteen years.The most visible effect of climate change is the change in availability and patterns of consumption of fresh water because of changes in temperature, precipitation, productive capacity of the soil, and in the patterns of human settlement (Raleigh & Urdal, 2007). Increasing climate variability is expected to alter the present hydrological resources and increase pressure on the availability of water resources in some parts of the world (Mukherbir, 2010).Furthermore, anthropogenically induced climate change could create a serious imbalance in the supply and demand of water world-wide. It may be noted that water availability and consumption is contingent upon the geographical and temporal availability of water. Unfortunately, water is in high demand in regions like South Asia, Southeast Asia and North Africa, places where it is not naturally abundant (Kanae, 2009). The reason for the high consumption of water in these regions is intensive agricultural activities, as 70 percent of water in these regions is used for crop production. Figure 1 shows that already water-scarce countries such as Egypt, Jordan, and Pakistan are extensively using renewable water resources for irrigation purposes, which is obviously not ecologically sustainable (Khan & Hanjra, 2009). Many crop-producing regions are located in semi-arid areas and the exploitation of water is greatest in these regions. …" @default.
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- W18376529 date "2012-07-01" @default.
- W18376529 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
- W18376529 title "Climate Change-Induced Water Scarcity: A Threat to Human Health*" @default.
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