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- W1844012346 abstract "Several parameters of the classical two-step desolvation technique including the starting gelatin concentration, the precipitation time, the pH value, the desolvation temperature and the desolvating agent were optimized. Ultrafine GNPs were successfully produced by the modified two-step desolvation technique. The preparation temperature can be lowered to 40◦C, which facilitates the application of GNPs as carriers for proteins and peptides. The in vitro characterization results showed that GNPs possess spherical conformation with a mean particle size of 56 ± 4 nm. A good compatibility of GNPs with different gels was observed, as the particle size and PI remained stable after incorporation into a variety of gels over one month. The results of the long term stability test indicated Euxyl® PE 9010 to be an optimal preservative for GNPs based dermal formulations.Ultrafine GNPs were produced by the modified two-step desolvation technique developed in the preceding chapter while traditional GNPs were produced via the classical desolvation method. Lysozyme loading was performed at different production steps of GNPs. Limited increase in particle size was observed when drug loading was performed at the second desolvation step or after formation of particles. Whereas for both ultrafine and traditional GNPs, the first desolvation step was demonstrated to be an inappropriate choice for drug loading as noticeable increase in particle size was observed. The results of the in vitro characterization demonstrated ultrafine GNPs to be a more promising delivery system for dermal application of enzymes. Compared to traditional GNPs, ultrafine GNPs possess smaller particle size, higher drug loading capacity, faster drug release and preserved biological activity of lysozyme. A fast drug release was observed when drug loading was performed after the formation of GNPs, as lysozyme molecules were mainly adsorbed onto the particle surface. A biphasic pattern of drug release was observed when drug loading was performed prior to the formation of particles. The initial burst is due to desorption of surface associated lysozyme and the prolonged release is due to the release of lysozyme from particle matrix. The lower drug loading capacity and much slower drug release of traditional GNPs are due to the large particle size and smaller specific surface area compared to ultrafine GNPs.A novel concept was introduced for the first time to transfer medium soluble actives into nanocrystals for dermal application, utilizing the depot function of nanocrystals. Caffeine nanocrystals were produced by both high pressure homogenization and low energy pearl milling. Pronounced crystals growth was observed due to supersaturation effects when applying high energy homogenization technique. Caffeine nanocrystals with particle size of 660 nm (optimal for hair follicle accumulation) or 250 nm (with high Cs and dissolution velocity) were obtained by pearl milling generated by different milling times. Several stabilizers were evaluated and Carbopol® 981 showed the…" @default.
- W1844012346 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W1844012346 creator A5090390874 @default.
- W1844012346 date "2014-01-01" @default.
- W1844012346 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W1844012346 title "Gelatin nanoparticles & nanocrystals for dermal delivery" @default.
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