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- W186759210 abstract "The living elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays) are the closest descendents of a very old fish group – the first jawed vertebrates. They include the largest living fish, warm-bodied species, electricity-producing species, and freshwater forms. As an ancient vertebrate group, they provide the first known appearance of certain physiological traits such as regulation of plasma ions, use of myelinated nerves, and the formation of antibodies They, therefore, provide important insights into the evolution of the vertebrates. They retain many anatomical and biochemical features that can be considered primitive, as well as many physiological features that are unique. They use a spiral-valve intestine for digestion, a rectal gland for salt secretion, and have internal fertilization. The osmoregulatory strategy involves using high levels of urea to maintain internal osmotic pressure close to that of seawater. The use of urea has had a sweeping impact on the physiology and biochemistry of this group. The need to keep urea in the body requires highly impermeable gills and a complex and efficient kidney. The need to synthesize urea at high rates to replace losses requires large amounts of glutamine (the nitrogen donor for urea synthesis). In addition, the lipid and ketone body metabolisms of elasmobranchs are unlike those of any other vertebrate group. Ketone bodies, presumably derived from lipid oxidation in the liver, are used routinely by many tissues in lieu of direct lipid oxidation. Their lack of a swimbladder has been offset by a cartilaginous skeleton and a large fat-filled liver to achieve a more neutral buoyancy." @default.
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- W186759210 date "2011-01-01" @default.
- W186759210 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
- W186759210 title "CHONDRICHTHYES | Physiology of Sharks, Skates, and Rays" @default.
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- W186759210 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374553-8.00043-5" @default.
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