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• W187544192 abstract "Ascoviruses (Ascoviridae) are a group of enveloped DNA viruses that cause a chronic and lethal disease in insects. Most of the described ascoviruses are hosted in the larval stage of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera).  Unpublished reports indicated that an ascovirus was found at high incidence in populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) in southeast Queensland, Australia. These pathogens were thought to be vectored by the braconid parasitoid wasp Microplitis demolitor (Wilkinson). My first aim was to formally identify and characterise this ascovirus, by examining the genetic relationship to other known ascoviruses (using RFLPs, Southern blot hybridisations and sequencing the polymerase gene), the host range and the histopathology. My second aim was to further understand the biology of the Australian ascovirus, by studying its transmission and interaction with hymenopteran parasitoids, examining other alternative modgs of transmission and to report on the field prevalence of the ascoviruses in Australia.  In both the molecular and histopathology studies, the Australian ascoviruses were similar to the Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) ascovirus (HvAV) and the Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) ascovirus (TnAV) from the USA, less similar to the Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) ascovirus (SpAV) and most dissimilar to the Diadromus pulchellus (Wesmeal) ascovirus (DpAV) from France. The Australian ascovirus isolated fi^om H. armigera (HaAVl), was found to replicate, primarily in the fat body of Helicoverpa and Spodoptera hosts. Some unusual and previously unpublished ascovirus sjonptoms were recorded in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). Long chains of frass were excreted from infected S. litura larvae, which were joined together by the gut peritrophic membrane. The speed of kill in S. litura was relatively fast for an ascovirus, with 50 % mortality recorded at seven (7) days post inoculation.  The Australian ascoviruses were found to be vectored by the parasitoid M. demolitor. By using PCR and sequencing, ascovirus was detected on the hymenopteran parasitoids Heteropelma scaposum (Morley) and Netelia producta (Brulle). The virus can be vectored by mechanical transmission from a contaminated ovipositor (or even a pin), meaning any larval parasitoid that probes an ascovirus infected host could vector the virus. Ascovirus has an antagonistic effect on M. demolitor, by preventing development of the parasitoid larvae within the ascovirus infected host.  In transmission per os experiments, typical ascovirus infection rates were low (<16 %). However, H. armigera larvae did suffer from retarded growth fi-om which they then appeared to recover, but many then failed to complete development to the adult stage. The ejection of an oral exudate from the ventral eversible gland of infected Noctuids may play a role in transmission.   In previous studies (mostly unpublished 1994-97) of Helicoverpa spp. populations in cotton fields from Southeast Queensland, ascovirus was found to have a mean prevalence of 10 to 50 % over the course of each season. By using PCR to detect ascovirus, similar results (total mean of 52 % ranging from 6 to 100 %) were observed in Helicoverpa spp. populations from grain crops (in the same region in the 1999-2000 season). In a similar study of Helicoverpa spp. populations in southern NSW, total ascovirus prevalence was estimated at less than 1 %. In southeast Queensland, the incidence of ascovirus generally increased throughout the summer season and there was some evidence of competition for hosts between NPV and ascovirus.  The Australian ascoviruses are an opportunistic pathogen; they may rely on multiple hosts, multiple vectors and multiple modes of transmission for dissemination and persistence in the field. The field prevalence of ascovirus in Australia can be relatively high, yet because of the cryptic nature of ascovirus symptoms, growers and consultants may not be aware that many Helicoverpa spp. larvae observed in fields are infected with ascovirus, and are therefore considerably less destructive than healthy larvae. The application of insecticides in such a scenario may not only be wasteful, but possibly counter productive. The use of DNA diagnostics as a solution to this problem is discussed." @default.
• W187544192 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W187544192 date "2004-10-01" @default.
• W187544192 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W187544192 title "The biology and characterisation of the ascoviruses (Ascoviridae: Ascovirus) of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Helicoverpa punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia" @default.
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