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• W1877777960 abstract "Turkey adopted neo-liberal policies in order to increase economic integration into international relation after 1980. As a result of these policies, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows increased greatly. In 1980 there were 78 FDI firms in Turkey whereas the number increased by 6511 in 2003. Turkey has become a hub of vast hinterland that extends from Balkans to Caucasus and represented a prime focus for foreign investment. For this reason, it is very important to know the characteristics and spatial distribution of FDI firms in Turkey. This study analyzes the spatial distribution of FDI (foreign direct invest-ment) firms among the provinces in Turkey from 1990 to 2003. The positive and negative effects of foreign investments on a developing country?s economy have been brought out through various studies (Baniak et al., 2005; Pavlinek, 2004). As common characteristics, the nationwide distribution of FDI on developing countries has been uneven because FDIs in many developing countries are concentrated on the biggest city (Pavlinek, 2004; Deichmann et al., 2003). This situation has revealed two basic problems. First is the greater increase of the existing regional instability due to the concentration of FDIs in the largest city in the country in general. The second is the effect on the development dynamics of the city due to the uneven spatial distribution within the city. FDIs are considered a solution for Turkey, just as for other developing countries, in order to eliminate the problem of insufficient resources and to maintain economic development (DPT, 2000; Karluk, 2001; Balasubramyam, 1996). Therefore, a political and a legal framework has been established to facilitate the entrance of foreign capital inflow. As a result of the policies adopted within the 1980s, the number of foreign investment companies in Turkey increased 29 times by 2000 (Berkoz, 2001). When compared with worldwide foreign direct investment inflows, Turkey?s shares were 0.29% in 1980, 0.24% in 1990, 0.27% in 2003, and 0.42% in 2004. Up until 1980, 87% of the foreign capital that came to Turkey was invested in the industrial sector. Today this ratio has decreased to 45.45%. However, the share of the services sector, which was 13% in 1980, has reached 52.52%, showing a substantial increase (Berkoz and Eyupoglu, 2005). As is the case within other developing countries, the spatial distribution of FDIs throughout the country was again uneven (Deicmann et al., 2003; Berkoz, 2001). Also, FDIs in Turkey have been concentrated in the biggest city, Istanbul, which attracts the highest level of foreign investment in Turkey. It is observed that 75.39% of Turkey?s total capital investment and 63.29% of the total number of firms in Turkey are in Istanbul. It has attracted 59.63% of the firms which have made investments in industry in Turkey with 55.22% of the capital, and 66.35% of the firms making investments in the services sector with 92.33% of the capital (Berkoz and Eyuboglu, 2005). According to the report of YASED (the Foreign Investors Association), Istanbul held 6174 foreign capital investments at the end of 2003; 2.53% of these foreign investments were in agriculture, 25.79% in industry, and 71.69% in the services sector. Providing employment and job opportunities, application of skills and new technologies, transfer of capital , increase in productivity, enhancing exports, spread of domestic firms, and acceleration of economic growth in the developing countries are among the most important benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI). Since the 1990?s foreign direct investment has been considered as the ?development motor? for the developing countries by United Nation Commission of Trade and Development (UNCTAD, 2004), and thus it has been encouraged to create the conditions attracting investment. At the beginning of the 1990?s the investments directed to the developing countries had a share below 20% of the world?s investment capacity. However in the middle of the 1990?s this share increased to 40 %. A model is developed to test the agglomeration economies as a demand, urbanization economies, market size, employment structure, government incentives, information cost, locational wealth and infrastructure. Location decisions of foreign investors are generally determined by agglomeration economies as population growth in the provinces and previous investment, infrastructure, amount of bank credit and local market growth. Keywords: Foreign direct investments (FDI), ag-glomeration economies, market size, information cost, infrastructure, government incentives." @default.
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• W1877777960 date "2010-03-08" @default.
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• W1877777960 title "Yabancı yatırımların yerseçimini etkileyen faktörler: Türkiye örneği" @default.
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