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• W1900195846 abstract "The present work endeavours to investigate experimentally the performance of various austenitic alloys such as SMO254 and hastelloy C-276 during forced convective precipitation fouling of supersaturated CaSO4 solutions. For comparison purposes, standard stainless steel and gold coated surfaces are also investigated under similar operating conditions. The theoretical Lewis acid-base approach of surface energy is used to characterise fouling performance of these surfaces. The experimental results show that the surfaces have qualitatively the same fouling trend in terms of fouling resistance except for the gold coated surface which showed that the deposit layer is spalled off the surface along with sporadic flake-off of the coating layer resulting in numerous corroded spots on the surface. Such phenomenon has not been observed for the SMO254 and C-276 surfaces. Surfaces with lower electron donor component (  s  ) of the surface energy, e.g. SMO254 surfaces, are more prone to fouling. This is because low  s  increases the attractive interaction energy between the surface and deposits. For such surfaces, this leads to undesired increase of the fouling rate in comparison to that of AISI 304 BA and C-276 substrates. INTRODUCTION Metals e.g. stainless steel in various types and alloys are widely used for the construction of heat exchangers. The preference in selection of different metals/alloys is primarily based on their resistance to corrosion. However, it is questionable whether, along with reduction in corrosion, these alternative metals may also reduce fouling. This is because one major driving force for precipitation fouling is the temperature gradient between the surface and bulk which still leads to fouling even in the presence of anticorrosive surfaces. The formation of deposits primarily leads to a deterioration of heat transfer due the additional thermal resistance. The secondary impact of fouling may be in-situ corrosion which can occur on the surface next to the deposit crystals if an electron charge difference with the substrate exists. Once corrosion begins, the metal surface will form corrosion products e.g. iron oxide flakes and particles. The presence of suspended corrosion products may cause further deposition downstream. Accordingly, alloys that are essentially immune to fouling and corrosion simultaneously are of great interest to the industry. Forster and Bohnet (1999), Gao et al. (2006) and Geddert et al. (2007) investigated the behaviour of various metallic and non-metallic surfaces subjected to precipitation fouling. They analyzed the results based on the influence of surface energy as it gives a direct measure of interfacial attractive forces between the surface and deposit. Forster and Bohnet (1999) and Geddert et al. (2007) demonstrated that copper and brass alloyed substrates generally foul more than stainless steel due to i) the effect of corrosion (Somerscales, 1999) and ii) higher surface energy (Tyson, 1975; Forster and Bohnet, 1999). Contrariwise for aluminum, though having lower surface energy than that of stainless steel, a higher deposition rate than for stainless steel was observed. This has been related to the rapid deterioration and loss of surface material (i.e. oxidization) which could imply a change in initial surface energy (Forster and Bohnet, 1999). In the meantime, AISI 300 series stainless steels i.e. AISI 304 and AISI 316 are still extensively utilized as materials for manufacturing of heat exchangers. On the outer surfaces of these metals a thin layer of Cr2O3 is instantly formed when exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere such as air. This oxide layer protects the base material against corrosion. However, if this protective film is damaged locally, the base metal becomes prone to corrosion, particularly in aqueous salt solutions. To prevent this, AISI stainless steel alloys can be fortified by incorporation of small amounts of Molybdenum and Nickel, such as SMO254 and C-276 alloys. The present work aims to discern the influence of the austenitic stainless steel alloys (SMO254 and C-276) on the deposition process from supersaturated calcium sulphate solutions at a given bulk temperature of 40C, a flow velocity of 0.15 m/s and a CaSO4 concentration of 4 g/L. The subsequent analysis of the experimental results highlights the conditions where the electron donor Proceedings of International Conference on Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning VIII 2009 (Peer-reviewed) June 14-19, 2009, Schladming, Austria Editors: H. Muller-Steinhagen, M.R. Malayeri and A.P. Watkinson" @default.
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• W1900195846 date "2009-01-01" @default.
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• W1900195846 title "Precipitation fouling on various austenitic alloys" @default.
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