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• W190213385 abstract "One of the more controversial yet least understood pronouncements by the United States Supreme Court its 1892 declaration that the United States is a nation.(1) The statement, appearing in an otherwise obscure decision interpreting an immigration law, Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States,(2) was drafted by Justice David Josiah Brewer, a jurist known for his outspoken religious and social views.(3) For adherents of minority religious faiths and others from non-Christian traditions, this statement represents a low-point in church-state jurisprudence and the struggle for religious equality.(4) Not surprisingly, the declaration roundly been criticized by scholars and even members of the Court itself.(5) Judges and commentators have panned the nation pronouncement as arrogant and anachronistic, an aberration, or at best, as stating a mere truism.(6) At times, criticism been directed as much at the Justice who wrote the words as at the declaration itself.(7) Still, the Christian nation maxim, as it been called,(8) resonates with certain audiences, just as it did over one hundred years ago.(9) For a small number of people, the declaration represents an authoritative statement by the nation's highest court about America's foundations.(10) Some religious conservatives have pointed to this statement as official confirmation that the nation's political and legal systems are based on principles.(11) The nation declaration also served as ready ammunition for arguments that the Court's church-state decisions since 1940 have strayed from both history and legal precedent,(12) and that principles deserve (re)incorporation into the warp and woof of America's political and legal institutions.(13) As evangelical lawyer John Whitehead of the Rutherford Institute written, Christian theism was once the foundation undergirding law and government, but since the 1940s, that underlying premise has shifted from biblical revelation to humanism.(14) A much larger number of people have been drawn to the declaration, not as an expression of formal legal doctrine, but as an acknowledgement that traditions and principles have informed the law and our nation's public life.(15) Some have argued that since the mid-twentieth century the Court advanced an individual rights theory at the expense of communitarian values, such that religious influences in the law have largely been ignored.(16) One scholar who written extensively about the religious influences on the law, Emory Law School Professor Harold J. Berman, laments the loss of a moral dimension to the American legal system and advocates greater recognition of the law's basis.(17) Relying on Holy Trinity as authority, Professor Berman maintains that [p]rior to World War I the United States thought of itself as a country, and more particularly as a Protestant country; since then it ceased to do so.(18) Although not pleading for a return to some golden age based on biblical laws, Berman nevertheless bemoans the irrevocable transition of twentieth-century America from a nation which had previously identified itself as Protestant to a nation of plural religions and the resulting loss of religious influences on public life.(19) Most modern discussions of the nation declaration, both pro and con, have failed to examine the statement from the viewpoint of its author or the context within which it was written.(20) This somewhat surprising for a decision that, according to commentator Anson Phelps Stokes, [o]ne of the most authoritative statements of the fundamental importance of religion in general and of Christianity in particular to the American State.(21) Few commentators on Holy Trinity have given due consideration to the complexity of Brewer's own religious and social views or have bothered to explore how Brewer and the Court subsequently interpreted the decision. …" @default.
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• W190213385 date "1999-12-22" @default.
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• W190213385 title "Justice David Josiah Brewer and the Christian Nation Maxim" @default.
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