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• W190512084 abstract "Beggars can't be choosers. - Old saw For forty years or more working mother has walked in our world like a lady in a fun house of mirrors, watching one or another of her features now exaggerated, now diminished, nearly always distorted. - Elizabeth Douvan (1963). Dependency - as in the deep, dark pit of welfare dependency(1) - is dirtiest word in United States today. - as in to get an abortion - is not so generally reviled as dependency, though it does spark more violent controversy. These two words - these groaningly laden concepts - dependency and - are arguably two most powerful abstractions governing women's lives in United States. As a matter of course, we use these words separately, to refer to apparently discrete arenas, welfare and abortion. In this essay, I will try to show that these terms (both their official policy definitions and typical public usage) together create a conceptual continuum that binds lives of women in concrete ways and keeps women vulnerable to censure and control. Dependency and do not, it seems to me, refer to discrete arenas; they refer to each other. Dependency and are antitheses that depend on each other for meaning - and for shifting meanings that society has attached to these terms over time. One reason why it seems useful to demonstrate relationship between dependency and now is that end-of-the-century welfare reformers in United States have very successfully named dependency as disease of poor women. As a result, poor women are more than ever isolated in this country from others, most consequentially from other women. My purpose here is, in part, an attempt to reconcile history, interests, and concerns of middle-class women and poor women in United States. Despite this ambitious target, my argument is narrowly drawn: I am interested in considering relationship between these two key concepts and how they have been applied to lives of women, especially mothers in two different eras of 20th century. Overview: Dependency and Choice in 1950s and 1980s It is a well-known fact that in our recent past, dependency was considered a normative and positive attribute of some white American women. In 1950s, cultural authorities, including psychiatrists, professors, and judges insisted in every way they could that dependency was a gender-appropriate status for white, middle-class wives, mothers, and daughters. These authorities urged other authorities - teachers, parents, and employers - to enforce female dependency within school, family, and workplace. Along with psychologists and sexologists, parenting experts of that era described such women as dependent on men and family for self-definition and self-preservation. One popular parent's guide, referring to family responsibilities of white, middle-class women, explained: A married woman only has two jobs, one to care for her children, other to keep a man happy (Goodman, 1959: 36). Femininity indexes in 1950s invited these women to determine whether they were dependent enough to claim status as a real woman. Today, of course, personal trait of dependency is roundly condemned in any adult, especially in poor women tagged as welfare dependents. Whether dependency is generally considered a good thing for white women, as it was in 1950s, or a bad thing for poor women and many women of color, as it is today, core, essential attribute of a person in state of dependency is absence of capacity to make sensible Over time, social commentators have been consistent about fact that this incapacity describes dependent women. When dependency was good, in early postwar decades, Midge Decter (1961: 243-250) wrote that young women were plagued with choices. That was bad because choice breeds restlessness. …" @default.
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• W190512084 date "2019-12-31" @default.
• W190512084 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W190512084 title "1. Dependency and Choice: The Two Faces of Eve" @default.
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• W190512084 doi "https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501728891-002" @default.
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