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- W190563407 abstract "Clouds of subsurface bubbles caused by wind-waves breaking in deep water as whitecaps, or white horses, have been detected by upward-pointing sonars. The main results of experiments using a vertically-pointing narrow-beam sonar, a telesounder, and a dual-beam side-scan sonar, are described. Brief reference is made to the variety of physical phenomena, including internal waves, fronts, and Langmuir circulations, which can be detected through their effect on the clouds. Several classes of models have been developed to describe the vertical distribution of bubbles below the sea surface. The analytical models, although useful as a guide to the potential value of models, are inadequate and numerical models have therefore beenusedtoprovide more realistic descriptions of the distributions and, in particular, of the vertical variation of the acoustic scattering cross-section per unit volume ofthebubbles, Mv, a quantity measurable by the sonar system. Some discussion is given to the assumptions made in the models. Two principal objectives of the study are to calculate the gas flux into the water which occurs via the bubbles and to estimate the vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient, Kv." @default.
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- W190563407 date "1986-01-01" @default.
- W190563407 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
- W190563407 title "Bubble Clouds: A Review of Their Detection by Sonar, of Related Models, and of how Kv May be Determined" @default.
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- W190563407 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4668-2_6" @default.
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