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- W190615515 abstract "The question, in what sense matter (with positive rest-mass) has constituents, is of great concern to the chemist. A decade before the Lavoisier paradigm was invalidated (by the characterization of the electron in 1897 and by the discovery of radioactive isotopes), Crookes suggested that a primordial material first formed hydrogen and then all the heavier elements by consecutive polymerization at exceedingly high temperatures, in remarkable agreement with recent discoveries in astrophysics. As early as 1860 Marignac had suggested that the heavier elements have slight negative deviations from additive mass, as quantitatively elaborated by Harkins and Wilson in 1915. The Z protons and N = (A - Z) neutrons assumed in 1932–1964 to occur in nuclei were superseded by d, u, s, c, b (and perhaps t) quarks, the nuclear ground state being u 2z+N d z+2N. Though single quarks may be inconceivable, the vacuum may “dress” them with (a fluctuating or invariant number) x additional quarks and x anti-quarks; and unsaturated systems (likely to contain comparable numbers of u, d, and s quarks) of (3A+2) quarks have Z = (Z 0 + 1/3) whose chemical properties can be predicted. Astrophysical arguments about nonbaryonic matter and the hot quark soup (2 terakelvin) coagulating 20 microseconds after the Big Bang are closely related to this problem." @default.
- W190615515 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W190615515 creator A5024041729 @default.
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- W190615515 date "1990-01-01" @default.
- W190615515 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W190615515 title "Crookes and marignac — A centennial of an intuitive and pragmatic appraisal of “chemical elements” and the present astrophysical status of nucleosynthesis and “dark matter”" @default.
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- W190615515 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-52124-0_5" @default.
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