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• W192479690 abstract "Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of various attack consonants on perception of intensity in trombone onsets. Using two experiments, music majors (N=61) were asked to compare differences in attack intensity between randomized pairs of short trombone tones. For each experiment, tone pairs were organized in one of three conditions; increase, decrease, and no change between tones. In the first experiment, results indicated significant differences in intensity ratings between conditions of neutral to decrease and decrease to increase. In the second experiment, amplitude levels using the same stimuli were normalized so that differences between onsets were less than .5 decibels. Results indicated significant differences between neutral and decrease as well as decrease and increase conditions. For both experiments, results suggest that in general, instrumentalists correctly perceived direction of intensity differences between varying onset consonants, even when onset amplitude was normalized. Generalizations for other brass instruments are discussed along with possible rehearsal applications for instrumental conductors. The Effect of Attack Consonants on Perception of Intensity in Brass Instrument Onsets Among brass instrumentalists, clarity, diversity and expressiveness of articulation are considered integral aspects of a high level performance. Various pedagogical methods include techniques and concepts aimed at improving articulation. Although methods differ in regards to specific technical instructions, most are consistent in suggesting that performers conceptualize some form of consonant and vowel combination when executing articulations. Specifically, the type of consonant the performer chooses for each articulated pitch is supposed to correspond directly to the relative level of intensity and style that a listener should perceive. Although these approaches are commonly accepted among pedagogues and performers, it is unclear if listeners are able to accurately discriminate these differences. This study addresses whether intensity differences between pairs of articulations performed with varying consonants are perceivable by college level instrumentalists. Wind pedagogues and performers vary somewhat on conceptual approaches to articulation. Technical approaches often prescribe specific placement of the tongue for executing a variety of styles and attacks. Farkas (1989) suggests that before an attack, brass instrumentalists should place the tongue at the point where the upper teeth meet the gums. Intensity of the attack as well as subsequent articulation style is dependent upon whether the player conceptualizes the syllable too or doo while performing. This approach of using the consonants t and d followed by a specific vowel is commonly advocated among brass pedagogues (Kinney, 1979; Hunt & Bachelder, 1994; Frederickson, 1996, Rocco, 1982). Furthermore, pedagogues such as Farkas are precise to the point of prescribing specific tongue motion, lip shape, and other kinesthetic information when explaining articulation. Other pedagogues are less rigid about specific technical approaches. Frederickson (1996) and Rocco (1982) generally advocate the use of t and d for clarity, but allow the performer to use whatever consonant and vowel combination is appropriate to achieve the desired musical effect. Some pedagogues advocate the use of one consonant for different attacks while varying airspeed to affect onset intensity (Bobo, 2006). Empirical research into perception of articulation has been conducted in regard to its relationship to various temporal elements (tempo, dynamics, duration, and intensity of accents). Studies indicate that in musical passages that included tempo increases, staccato passages were perceived as having larger increases than legato passages (Geringer, Madsen, MacLeod & Droe, 2006). A related study also indicated that detecting small changes from staccato to legato are easier to perceive than changes toward staccato (Woody, 1997). …" @default.
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• W192479690 date "2011-04-01" @default.
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• W192479690 title "The Effect of Attack Consonants on Perception of Intensity in Trombone Onsets" @default.
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