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• W1925456324 abstract "Eating disorders are among the most frequently seen chronic illnesses found in adolescent females. In this paper, we discuss school-based prevention and intervention efforts that seek to reduce the impact of this serious illness. School counselors play a key role in the prevention of eating disorders and can provide support even when not directly involved in psychological or medical treatment. Because of their ability to play a leadership role in school-based prevention of eating disorders, school counselors are essential in facilitating a collaborative approach to the prevention of and intervention in eating disorders and their associated risk factors. Fostering a Healthy Body 3 According to the National Eating Disorder Association (NEDA; 2006), 10 million females suffer from eating disorders, and among adolescent girls, eating disorders are the third most common chronic illness (Massey-Stokes, 2000). Unfortunately, because many young women are secretive about the thoughts and behaviors associated with these disorders, many cases go unreported and the official figures may be underestimated. Given these statistics and the impact of eating disorders on the social, emotional, and academic well being of young women, school-based prevention and intervention of eating disorders is critically needed. Although most school-based mental health professionals cannot diagnose or provide intensive treatment for disorders they can play a vital role in collaborating with the community specialists that provide treatment and by providing important needed support to students in the school environment. Adelman and Taylor (2006) have proposed a three-tiered model as a way of conceptualizing the continuum of mental health services in the schools. These tiers or systems of service include promoting healthy development and preventing problems, responding to problems as soon after onset as possible, and providing intensive care. Due to limited training and time constraints, providing intensive treatment to those suffering from an eating disorder is often not possible for school-based mental health professionals such as school counselors. For this reason, this paper will focus on effective preventive and early-onset support services that can be provided in school settings. Research has suggested that many factors play a role in the development of eating disorders, including certain demographic characteristics, personality Fostering a Healthy Body 4 characteristics, family dynamics, genetics, socio-cultural influences, and dieting (Shisslak, Crago, Neal, & Swain, 1987). Most importantly, research has identified body dissatisfaction as the strongest precursor to eating disorders (Phelps, Sapia, Nathanson, & Nelson, 2000; Massey-Stokes, 2000). Body dissatisfaction is not just a psychological phenomenon but also a social issue that arises out of cultural standards for body image. Western society considers the ideal body for women to be extremely thin. This image is reinforced in the media though the ubiquitous use of images of thin women in television, movies, and advertisement. The gap between the ideal promoted by society and the reality of women’s bodies leads to body image dissatisfaction [BID] (Gabel & Kearney, 1998). Body image is defined as the perception that one has of his or her body, while BID is dissatisfaction with this perception, making it a subjective experience rather than one based on weight or actual body size (Choate, 2007; Phelps et al., 2000). BID is often accompanied by feelings of distress, depression, poor self-esteem, and an obsession with body shape or weight (Choate, 2007; Spearing, 2001). Phelps et al. (2000) investigated the relationships between variables that are related to BID and found that risk factors included low physical self-esteem, lack of confidence in self, and acceptance of the current ideal of extreme thinness. Therefore, effective prevention programs should aim to reduce or prevent these beliefs and perceptions, along with increasing protective factors such as self-esteem, self-concept, and reduction of acceptance of the thin ideal (Phelps et al., 2000). According to Gabel and Kearney (1998), BID is likely to lead to disordered eating, which consists of “behaviors that reflect any unhealthy modification of food Fostering a Healthy Body 5 intake” (p. 32), such as eating to relieve undesirable emotions or dieting to lose weight when one is actually at a normal weight. One study of high school students in Minnesota found “disordered eating in 30% of 9 and 12 grade males . . . and 55% of females” (Croll, Neumark-Sztainer, Story, & Ireland, as cited in Bauman, 2008, p. 65). Disordered eating, which is not clinically defined, is thought of as a precursor to eating disorders, which are more extreme in their behaviors. In fact, Marchi and Cohen (as cited in Gabel & Kearney, 1998) found that “dieting in early adolescence was strongly associated with the development of bulimia nervosa symptoms” (p. 34). Children and adolescents, especially females, are highly susceptible to BID and are therefore the group at highest risk of developing an eating disorder. School counselors are in frequent and regular contact with this age group. For this reason, it is critical that they become involved in prevention and intervention efforts (Bardick et al., 2004). School counselors are not trained in the psychological treatment of eating disorders. Nevertheless, they can educate themselves to recognize the behavioral precursors to eating disorders and intervene by connecting students who have the signs and symptoms of an eating disorder with the appropriate community resources. In addition, they can be part of the support system needed when a student recovering from an eating disorder returns to school (Bardick et al., 2004). There are three primary eating disorders found in adolescents: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder (Spearing, 2001). Anorexia and bulimia are both formally recognized as psychiatric disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV-TR (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000), whereas Fostering a Healthy Body 6 binge eating is not. Nevertheless, all three disorders have serious implications for an individual’s mental and physical health. Eating disorders occur when there is a disturbance in a person’s normal eating behavior, such as an excessive reduction of food intake or severe overeating (Spearing, 2001). Eating disorders can cause complications in physical, emotional, and behavioral growth and can be life threatening (Bardick et al., 2004). They often co-occur with psychiatric disorders such as depression, substance abuse, and anxiety. This means that preventive and treatment efforts must address the eating disorder along with these comorbid conditions through collaborative and systematic (family, school, community) interventions (Bauman, 2008). Some of the medical complications associated with anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating are an irregular heart beat and associated problems, kidney and liver damage, loss of muscle mass, permanent loss of bone mass, destruction of teeth and gums, throat and mouth problems, damage to the lining of the stomach, cessation of the menstrual cycle, stunted growth, weakened immune system, dry or yellowor grayappearing skin, hair growth, and fainting spells. At the extreme, these symptoms can lead to death (Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders, Inc. [ANRED], 2006). Eating Disorders" @default.
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• W1925456324 title "Fostering a Healthy Body Image: Prevention and Intervention with Adolescent Eating Disorders." @default.
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