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• W193321706 abstract "This study sought to determine whether a relationship exists between acute aerobic exercise, at moderate intensity, and self-disclosure due to a positive change in affect. Participants took a pre-test measure of mood, and the Exercise Group exercised for 25 minutes afterwards. The remaining participants, the Non-exercise Group, sat in the same room while the others exercised. The Non-exercise Group was told that they would exercise next, when really they would not. After the Experimental Group finished exercising, all participants took a post-test measure of mood as well as a measure of selfdisclosure. Results showed that overall mood improved for those who exercised with a significant increase in positive mood from pre-test to post-test, but a nonsignificant decrease in negative mood. Self-disclosure was measured by intimacy, abstractness, and valance. Because there was no pre-test measure of self-disclosure, the Non-exercise and Exercise Groups were compared on only a post-test measure of self-disclosure. In comparison to the Non-exercise Group, average self-disclosure scores were significantly higher for the Exercise Group. However, the only component of self-disclosure that was significantly different between groups was intimacy. The Exercise Group showed significantly higher levels of intimacy than the Non-exercise Group. Furthermore, increase in positive mood and levels of intimacy were positively correlated, revealing that exercise increased self-disclosure as a function of an increase in positive affect. ACUTE MODERATE AEROBIC EXERCISE AND SELF-DISCLOSURE 3 The Effects of Moderate-Intensity Acute Aerobic Exercise on Self-Disclosure Self-disclosure, the process of revealing information about oneself to others, is considered an essential requirement for mental health, as it creates and maintains close personal relationships and increases enjoyment of greater overall well-being (Forgas, 2010; Kahn & Garrison, 2009). In therapeutic settings it is sometimes challenging for a client to self-disclose when the topic is too emotional or difficult to discuss. Among the various ways to jump this hurdle, physical exercise has yet to be considered as a method. Physical exercise has been shown to improve mood and affect (Hansen, Stevens, & Coast, 2001; Raedeke, 2007; Roth, 1989; Rudolph & Butki, 2008) in individuals. Furthermore, mood and affect are predictive of self-disclosure (Forgas, 2010; Kahn & Garrison, 2009). Although exercise is often used as an effective adjunct to psychotherapy because of its known psychological benefits to mood and affect, its subsequent benefits to self-disclosure have not been considered. The purpose of the current study is to assess whether acute physical exercise facilitates self-disclosure via a positive increase in mood and affect. Physical Exercise Benefits Physical exercise has often been prescribed as a supplemental therapy to psychotherapy, and literature that supports exercise as a treatment for mood and emotional problems is plentiful (Barnes, Coombs, Armstrong, Higgins, & Janelle, 2010, p. 1065). Long-term exercise programs are usually prescribed to coincide with the length of therapy as opposed to an acute bout of exercise. Acute physical exercise differs from long-term in that acute exercise is a single, quick bout of physical activity. There is emerging interest in the psychological effects of acute exercise to see how quickly ACUTE MODERATE AEROBIC EXERCISE AND SELF-DISCLOSURE 4 psychological benefits can be obtained. Research has shown that in as little as 10 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise, there are significant improvements in positive affect (Hansen et. al., 2001; Rudolph & Butki, 2008). The current study will examine acute physical exercise as a variable to ensure that possible self-esteem and self-efficacy improvements, due to increased physical fitness of a long-term program (Reynolds, 1996), do not influence the measure of self-disclosure. There has been emerging research on affective and mood responses to acute exercise. Acute aerobic exercise is defined as exercising for a duration of 30 minutes or less. Rudolph and Butki (2008) studied the minimum amount of time required to see the psychological effects of exercise, and they found that in as little as 10 minutes, there was an increase in positive affect and a decrease in psychological distress. Also, there was not a significant difference in the magnitude of change in affect from the 10-minute condition to the 15-minute and 20-minute conditions. In addition, Hansen et al. (2001) found that 10 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is sufficient for increasing vigor, decreasing fatigue, and decreasing total negative mood state. They also found little improvement from longer workouts, with the exception of diminished confusion. The research reveals that it does not take long to feel improvements in affect, but there is also the question of how long the effects last. In regards to acute aerobic exercise, mood states appear to be most positive 10-15 minutes after an exercise is completed (Hansen et al., 2001). In addition to duration, exercise intensity and mode also seems to have an effect on mood outcomes of acute bouts of aerobic exercise. Generally, positive results come from an acute bout of exercise despite intensity (Bixby & Lochbaum, 2008), but it tends ACUTE MODERATE AEROBIC EXERCISE AND SELF-DISCLOSURE 5 to be high-intensity workouts that induce a greater amount of stress that can lessen the magnitude of positive affect or increase negative affect (Bixby & Lochbaum, 2006). Furthermore, preferred mode of exercise may have an effect on resulting positive affect. Bixby and Lochbaum (2008) found that participants experienced a more “pleasant state” after taking part in their preferred workout than executing an exercise modality they did not choose. Interestingly, not working out at all resulted in more pleasant feelings than exercising in an individual’s least-preferred modality. Duration, intensity, and mode may affect net affect, but how they do so is another question. Among the various hypotheses that have been proposed is Solomon’s opponentprocess model of acquired motivation (Bixby & Lochbaum, 2006). This theory states that the brain aims to maintain homeostasis and oppose extreme emotional processes. Naturally, stressors upset a state of homeostasis, and the brain reacts to return to its homeostatic state. This is accomplished through opponent processes that relax when the stressor is removed. In the context of exercise, this theory would predict that individuals feel worse during and better after a workout. The support for this theory is mixed (Bixby & Lochbaum, 2006). Although the current study seeks to find a relationship between acute physical exercise and self-disclosure via an increase in mood, these hypotheses and theories may help explain self-disclosure in the face of an emotional stressor. The implications for the importance of improved affect and mood in relation to psychological well-being is that mood and affect are variables in the degree of self-disclosure (Forgas," @default.
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• W193321706 title "The Effects of Moderate-Intensity Acute Aerobic Exercise on Self-Disclosure" @default.
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