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• W193758135 abstract "Introduction Females constitute a majority of world's population. Yet, despite this fact, they have been treated very much like a minority group in most cultures throughout history (Baron, 1991:374). The past decade has witnessed major shifts in beliefs and traits of men and women, and supposed differences between them. But despite many changes, discrimination based on sex still persists in many settings, including business. There is an under representation of women in the ranks of educational administration. Males hold more educational leadership positions even though women comprise sixty percent of teachers, the group from which school administrators are most often drawn (Chase and Bell, 1994). The logical assumption would be that in a profession represented largely by females, there would be numerous women administrators who were administrators. There is a disproportion in the ratio of female to male administrators in public schools. In the field of education, women prevail in total number, but men dominate in power (Johnson, 1995). Women frequently serve longer in the teaching role and encounter more obstacles in becoming a school administrator. The overall gains have been modest in placing women and minorities in top leadership spots and these additions have been uneven across all of the administrative positions (Kowalski, 1995). Once female begins to advance through the ranks of administration, she is typically responsible for curriculum issues, where a male is often the sole decision-maker for a building or site. Most women who are promoted from the classroom receive staff positions instead of line positions. Women are repeatedly denied the right to seek line positions based on prior assumptions of the female place in education. The stereotyped notion that men are superior administrators has contributed to the lack of role models serving as administrators (Edson, 1998). The overwhelming number of males in positions of authority customarily sheds intimidation upon the female educator pursing a leadership role. General Perspective on How Women are Seen Women and the concept of gender is very wide field including economic, political, ideological, social and psychological aspects in itself. It has such a common and important place in our daily life (Simsek, 1990:1). Because the factors underlying the problems of women are closely related to fact that psychology of gender differences are tided to social change. Women are definitely capable to lead our public schools, but are generally viewed in a differently way than male administrators. Eakle (1995) concluded that people perceive assertiveness in men and women differently. Men are commonly praised for aggressiveness and dominance whereas women are seen as pushy if they exhibit these characteristics. Men are expected to be authoritative in situations and appear to have an advantage when applying for a job. Since the males are in authority in school administration, they determine the guidelines for the hiring process of new administrators (Shakeshaft, 1989). Men are supervising the selection proceedings in addition to the disconnection of female administrators prevents numerous females from pursing administrative positions. There is information that exists on the other end of the spectrum and is encouraging for female leaders. Some of the research supports the notion that women are perceived as proficient administrators. Celikten (2005) studied selected principals' attitudes toward male and female capabilities as school administrators in Kayseri, Turkey. The researcher discovered that the principals perceived the women's capabilities more positively than the men's capabilities. The same research indicates that females have been treated in a different way than their male associates in their venture to achieve educational administrative positions. Shakeshaft (1989) also reported that attitudes and perceptions toward males whether it be barriers, qualifications, or personnel selection are different than the attitudes and perceptions toward females. …" @default.
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• W193758135 date "2010-06-22" @default.
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• W193758135 title "Attitudes toward Women School Administrators in Turkey." @default.
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