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• W194537023 abstract "As the criminal justice system changes to accommodate child witnesses, it is critical to understand how jurors perceive children and the way their evidence is presented. The present thesis explores the role that juror stereotypes play in perceptions of cases featuring a child as the primary witness. Because in a number of countries children now typically testify by various video methods, this thesis sought to examine the way that these video methods could affect perceptions of the child witness, and whether the use of peoples’ own stereotypes vary in these different modalities. Previous research has revealed that stereotypes about children typically involve children being seen as honest, but also suggestible with poorer cognitive abilities than adults (e.g., (Ross, Jurden, Linsday, & Keeney, 2003). However, because methods of evidence presentation of can vary (Kaplan & Martin, 2006), so too may jurors’ assumptions about children’s credibility, which may alter the way their stereotypes are used. Furthermore, the presentation of evidence in video modes may vary the perceptual salience of the child and the categorisation of “child” that is invoked when the child testifies (Chaiken & Eagly, 1983). This may be due to differences in activation of social categories, or activation of beliefs about non-verbal cues to deception and the availability of these cues. The first empirical chapter of this thesis (Chapter 2) presents an initial investigation into lay peoples’ general perceptions of children giving evidence. A descriptive survey of a broad section of the community (N = 206) was conducted to investigate the types of beliefs that are held by community members in Queensland. The focus of the results is perceptions of younger (aged 4-7 years) and older children (aged 8-12 years), with particular references to their involvement in child sexual abuse cases, as well as perceptions of the use of special accommodations in the courtroom. Chapter 3 presents an experimental study (N = 102) that was conducted to explore whether different assumptions about the way in which children’s testimony is received alters perceptions of a child witness when testifying through the measures currently used, particularly in Queensland courts. Results revealed that the timing of the recording of the child’s testimony and the child’s presence in court affected the use of stereotypes on ratings of the case. This indicated that jurors take into account features of their own assumptions about children’s memory and genuineness when making decisions in these kinds of cases. A set of experimental studies are presented in Chapter 4, investigating the impact that salience and beliefs about non-verbal cues to deception can have on jurors’ use of their stereotypes about child witnesses. The first study in this chapter (N = 140) was conducted to investigate whether presenting children, who differed in terms of how trustworthy and likeable they appeared, would impact on case outcomes. Results revealed that jurors’ perceptions of the child’s typicality, and not individual features, changed the use of stereotypes on case outcomes. The second experiment in this chapter (N = 98) investigated whether perceptual features of video testimony, such as the screen size and camera angle, would affect the use of stereotypes in ratings of the case. Results suggest that if the child witness was presented in a way that makes them hyper-salient to jurors (i.e., large screen coupled with a close-up shot of the child); stereotypes had a substantially different impact on case ratings than in all other presentations. A third experiment (N = 77) was then conducted to test whether this salience explanation, or an increase in the availability of stereotypical non-verbal cues to deception, could account for the differential use of stereotypes in case outcomes. Results revealed that stereotypes were used only when participants were unable to see non-verbal behaviours of the child (but could still, in some cases, see the child in question), indicating that non-verbal cues do play a role in jurors’ perceptions of child witnesses. A final experimental study (N = 90) investigating the effect of education on changing stereotype usage is presented in Chapter 5. The study was conducted to explore whether educating jurors leads to a reduction of the use of stereotypes about children, or simply highlights demand characteristics and leads to participants attempting to appear more socially appropriate. Mode of presentation of the trial was manipulated to alter the availability of individualised or category-based information, and results revealed that stereotype use was reduced in some circumstances when jurors were given education. Overall, this thesis shows that the use of stereotypes about child witnesses can be affected by the way that a child is presented to a jury. The more salient a child is, the more likely they will be evaluated in terms of stereotypes, regardless of the individual child’s positivity and access to non-verbal cues to deception. Furthermore, assumptions about when a child’s testimony is taken can also increase reliance on stereotypes as a method of reaching a trial decision. This thesis therefore suggests that the current approach in place in Queensland courts and similar jurisdictions is appropriate in that it minimises the impact of jurors’ preconceptions about children." @default.
• W194537023 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W194537023 date "2011-03-01" @default.
• W194537023 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W194537023 title "Perceptions of Child Witnesses in the Australian Courtroom: The Impact of Recent Legal Initiatives" @default.
• W194537023 hasPublicationYear "2011" @default.
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