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• W1947770404 endingPage "3856" @default.
• W1947770404 startingPage "3836" @default.
• W1947770404 abstract "Complex organic molecules are ubiquitous companions of young low-mass protostars. Recent observations suggest that their emission stems, not only from the traditional hot corino, but also from offset positions. In this work, 2D physicochemical modelling of an envelope-cavity system is carried out. Wavelength-dependent radiative transfer calculations are performed and a comprehensive gas-grain chemical network is used to simulate the physical and chemical structure. The morphology of the system delineates three distinct regions: the cavity wall layer with time-dependent and species-variant enhancements; a torus rich in complex organic ices, but not reflected in gas-phase abundances and the remaining outer envelope abundant in simpler solid and gaseous molecules. Strongly irradiated regions, such as the cavity wall layer, are subject to frequent photodissociation in the solid phase. Subsequent recombination of the photoproducts leads to frequent reactive desorption, causing gas-phase enhancements of several orders of magnitude. This mechanism remains to be quantified with laboratory experiments. Direct photodesorption is found to be relatively inefficient. If radicals are not produced directly in the icy mantle, the formation of complex organics is impeded. For efficiency, a sufficient number of FUV photons needs to penetrate the envelope, and elevated cool dust temperatures need to enable grain-surface radical mobility. As a result, a high stellar luminosity and a sufficiently wide cavity favour chemical complexity. Furthermore within this paradigm, complex organics are demonstrated to have unique lifetimes and be grouped into early (formaldehyde, ketene, methanol, formic acid, methyl formate, acetic acid and glycolaldehyde) and late (acetaldehyde, dimethyl ether and ethanol) species." @default.
• W1947770404 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1947770404 creator A5014366832 @default.
• W1947770404 creator A5022579238 @default.
• W1947770404 creator A5027279709 @default.
• W1947770404 creator A5048537056 @default.
• W1947770404 creator A5086018183 @default.
• W1947770404 date "2015-06-29" @default.
• W1947770404 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W1947770404 title "The complex chemistry of outflow cavity walls exposed: the case of low-mass protostars" @default.
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