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• W1948481808 abstract "original articleThe effect of prostate tissue inflammation in benign prostatic hyperplasia on enhancer of zeste homolog 2 ribonucleic acid expression May Al-Maghrebi, Elijah O. Kehinde, Fahd Al-Mulla, and Jehoram T. Anim May Al-Maghrebi Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait Search for more papers by this author , Elijah O. Kehinde Department of Surgery (Division of Urology), Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait Search for more papers by this author , Fahd Al-Mulla Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait Search for more papers by this author , and Jehoram T. Anim Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait Search for more papers by this author Published Online:7 Jun 2012https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2012.262SectionsPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail AboutAbstractBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) has been recently found to regulate several genes involved in immunoresponse and autocrine inflammation network. The aim of the study was to quantitate EZH2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression, evaluate its relation to conditions of prostatitis associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and correlate it with the levels of the inflammatory marker interlukin 6 (IL-6).DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in Middle Eastern men with BPH and prostatitis or BPH only.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Transrectal ultrasound–guided prostate biopsies were collected from 106 patients suspected of having prostate cancer; however, the histology revealed BPH. Upon further pathological examination, 56 of these cases were identified as BPH with prostatitis and classified as: acute prostatitis (n=13); active chronic prostatitis (n=32); and, chronic inactive prostatitis (n=12). Serum IL-6 levels and EZH2 mRNA expression were measured and compared between patient groups.RESULTS: EZH2 mRNA was overexpressed in BPH with prostatitis patients compared to BPH only patients (P<.0001). BPH with active chronic prostatitis had higher EZH2 expression than BPH with acute or chronic inactive prostatitis compared to BPH only (P=.05 and .73, respectively). EZH2 mRNA expression showed a negative correlation with IL-6 concentrations in BPH with prostatitis patients (rs=−0.31, P=.02). EZH2 overexpression was associated with an increased risk of having BPH with prostatitis (crude odds ratio 0.20, 95% CI 0.06–0.65, P=.0076).CONCLUSIONS: EZH2 mRNA expression correlates positively with prostatitis conditions associated with BPH and negatively with serum IL-6 levels. This supports the possible involvement of EZH2 mRNA overexpression in the development of prostate inflammation, and its new regulatory role in suppressing the expression of some inflammatory network genes.IntroductionBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common and progressive diseases affecting aging men, and is histologically defined as an overgrowth of the epithelial and stromal cells of the transition zone and periurethral area. A variety of growth factors associated with epithelial/stromal interaction have been described in the pathophysiology of BPH; however, the cellular and molecular processes underlying the pathogenesis and development of BPH remain poorly understood.1 It has also been reported that intraprostatic inflammation frequently accompanies BPH, and accelerates the pathogenesis and progression of this condition.2–6 Acute intraprostatic inflammation causes symptoms that can be easily treated. However, many cases of chronic intraprostatic inflammation may go untreated because the condition has no symptoms and often goes undetected.Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a known repressor of gene transcription. EZH2 is the catalytic subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 that is a highly conserved histone methyltransferase targeting lysine-27 of histone H3.7 Several studies showed that EZH2 is commonly overexpressed in a wide variety of cancerous tissue types, including prostate and breast.8,9 Although EZH2 is upregulated in advanced and metastatic prostate cancer,9 its role as a marker or driver of metastasis is yet to be resolved.10 A new hypothesis has emerged proposing that prostate cancer can be driven by prostate inflammation, which is supported by several epidemiological, histopathological, and molecular pathological studies.11 This is also partly supported by the fact that almost 20% of cancers are caused by chronic infections and/or inflammation.12,13 Interestingly, a recent study identified a new regulatory role for EZH2 in modulating the expression of several genes involved in immunoresponse and autocrine inflammation network. Suppression of EZH2 expression, by pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion, resulted in the activation of these immunoresponse genes implicating EZH2 involvement in determining cancer immunity.14 Thus, we raised the question of whether EZH2 expression is modulated during prostatitis, and, if it is correlated with the expression of inflammatory cytokines like interlukin 6 (IL-6).The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of prostate inflammation on the expression of EZH2. Thus, we measured the ribonucleic acid (RNA) expression of EZH2 in patients with BPH only and in BPH with prostatitis. We also investigated the association of EZH2 RNA expression with IL-6 serum levels and the histological types of prostatitis.PATIENTS AND METHODSTransrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsies were collected from 106 patients who were suspected of having prostate cancer, but the histology revealed BPH with or without prostatitis. All the men were of Middle Eastern origin. Ten to 12 core biopsies were taken from each patient using 18 fine gauge needles. The prostate tissue was obtained after written consent from each patient. The study was approved by the local ethics committee in compliance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.Exclusion criteria included a history suggestive of ongoing urinary tract infection or acute prostatitis, the presence of an indwelling urethral catheter, and a history of previous prostate biopsy or previous urological procedures on the prostate gland. We also excluded cases where the histological examination revealed granulomatous prostatitis. We had 5 patients with this diagnosis (2 due to tuberculosis and 3 due to Schistosoma haematobium infections of the prostate). All 5 patients had very high prostate-specific antigen (PSA) serum levels (>50 ng/mL). Patients with percentage of free PSA <10% were excluded from the EZH2 gene expression analysis as they have a very high chance of having prostate cancer.Tissue samples were fixed in 4% solution of formaldehyde (i.e., 10% formalin), then processed routinely into paraffin blocks, and the sections were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin stains. The extent of prostate inflammation was classified on the basis of the following criteria proposed by Anim et al.15 Briefly, (1) acute prostatitis (AP): focal grandular disruption with neutrophilic and macrophage cell reaction as well as accumulation in the gland lumen; (2) active chronic prostatitis (ACP): periglandular inflammatory infiltrate consisting predominantly of chronic inflammatory cells, but with some disruption of glandular epithelium as well as neutrophilic and macrophage infiltrate; and (3) chronic inactive prostatitis (CIP): periglandular fibrosis with surrounding chronic inflammatory infiltrate and/or lymphoid aggregate replacing a completely destroyed gland. BPH was diagnosed where there was a glandular and stromal hyperplasia with no significant inflammatory changes.Serum MarkersIL-6 levels were measured using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Buckinghamshire, UK). The total PSA levels in blood serum were quantitatively measured by radioimmunoassay using Immulite kits (DPC, Los Angeles California, United States). The serum-free PSA was determined, and the percentage of free PSA was calculated for all patients with total PSA values between 4 and 10 ng/mL. In patients where the PSA levels were greater than 10 ng/mL, but the histology did not show prostate cancer, follow-ups at 3 monthly intervals with PSA estimations were arranged. If PSA normalized within 3 months, the patients were included in the diagnosis of prostatitis. If PSA continued to rise, the patients were subjected to another round of TRUS-guided prostate biopsy to exclude prostate cancer. When three sets of biopsies failed to show cancer, the patients were classified as having chronic prostatitis and followed up at 6 month-interval.16Ribonucleic acid isolation, reverse transcription, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactionOf the 10 to 12 core biopsies taken per patient, a representative core biopsy specimen was selected for EZH2 RNA isolation. Either ends of the selected core biopsy specimens were sent for histological analysis, and the central piece of the core was used for EZH2A isolation. Total RNA was purified using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California, United States) following the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA concentration and purity were determined spectrophotometrically at 260 and 280 nm. Total RNA (1 μg) was reverse transcribed into first-strand complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) in a 20 μL reaction volume, using M-MuLV reverse transcriptase RNase H (Invitrogen). Standardized specific primers and the fluorescent taqman probe for the EZH2 gene were purchased from Applied Biosystems (Darmstadt, Germany). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried using ABI 7000 thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems). The detection of PCR products was accomplished by measuring the emitting fluorescence (Rn) at the end of each reaction cycle. Threshold cycle (CT) corresponds with the cycle number required to detect a fluorescence signal above the baseline. We analyzed the gene expression data using the comparative (2-DDCT) CT method provided by the Sequence Detection System 1.2.3 Software from Applied Biosystems. Based on this method, the copy numbers of EZH2 mRNA were normalized to those of the endogenous control gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and relatively to a standard human normal prostate, using total RNA as a calibrator (Ambion, Austin, Texas, United States).Since the distribution of EZH2 expression in BPH and BPH with prostatitis patients was not Gaussian, the differences among two groups were assessed by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. Any possible correlations between EZH2 expression and other continuous variables were assessed by the Spearman correlation coefficient (rs). We used univariate and multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis to study the ability of the variables to predict the presence of prostatitis. The relationship between EZH2 mRNA expression and types of histological prostatitis was determined using chi-square and Fisher exact test where appropriate. A P value <.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTSThe clinical and pathological data of the patients investigated in this study are listed in Table 1. Based on histological analysis, the patient population was classified into the following categories: BPH only (n=50) and BPH with prostatitis (n=56). The BPH with prostatitis patients were further divided into the following groups: AP (n=12), ACP (n=32) and CIP (n=12). High levels of total PSA were detected in our patient cohort as compared with whites in the United States and Europe. This finding was previously reported for men of Middle Eastern origin; however, no clear reason was reported for these high PSA levels in BPH and BPH with prostatitis conditions in these men.16Table 1 Descriptive statistics of variables in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) only and benign prostatic hyperplasia with prostatitis patients.CharacteristicBPH with prostatitis (n=56)BPH (n=50)PAge, yearMedian6762.011 Range47–8442–79PSA, ng/mL Median11.755.9<.0001 Range0.75–68.70.1–26Serum IL-6, pg/mL Median6.074.1<.0001 Range2–481.1–6.6Histological types of prostatitisn=56 (%)Acute prostatitis12 (21.4)Chronic active prostatitis32 (57.1)Chronic active prostatitis12 (21.4)aMann-Whitney U testBPH: Benign prostatic hyperplasia; IL-6 = interleukin 6; PSA: prostate-specific antigen.Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 expression in prostatic diseasesEZH2 mRNA expression in the BPH group had a range of 0.03 to 3.9 (EZH2 mRNA copy number/GAPDH mRNA copy number) with a mean (standard error, SE) of 1.3 (0.13). In BPH with the prostatitis group, EZH2 mRNA expression varied from 0.51 to 17.58 with a mean (SE) of 5.7 (0.58). Compared to the BPH group, the data were indicative of a significant increase (P≤.0001) in the expression level of EZH2 mRNA in BPH with prostatitis specimens mainly AP and ACP, but not CIP (P=.413) (Table 2). The distribution of EZH2 mRNA expression in the two groups is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 Distribution of EZH2 mRNA expression levels in BPH and BPH with prostatitis patients. The difference between categories was tested by the Mann-Whitney U test.Download FigureTable 2 Relative EZH2 mRNA expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia (n=50) and benign prostatic hyperplasia with prostatitis (n=56) patients.Pathological specimenMean (SE)MedianRangePaBenign prostatic hyperplasia1.3 (0.13)1.20.03–3.9Benign prostatic hyperplasia with prostatitis5.7 (0.58)4.580.51–17.58<.0001Acute prostatitis1.1 (0.22)0.90.19–2.6<.0001Chronic active prostatitis7.6 (0.74)81.1–18.0001Chronic active prostatitis3.6 (0.5)3.41.1–7.413EZH2:Enhancer of zeste homolog 2; mRNA:messenger ribonucleic acid; SE: standard error.aMann-Whitney U test: Comparison between EZH2 mRNA expression in the different types of prostatitis versus benign prostatic hyperplasia only samples.Correlation between enhancer of zeste homolog 2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression and other variables in benign prostatic hyperplasia with prostatitisIn BPH with prostatitis, we found a statistically significant negative correlation between EZH2 expression and serum IL-6 levels using these parameters as continuous variables (rs=−0.31, P=.02) (Figure 2). A significant correlation between EZH2 expression and patient age (rs=−0.099, P=.466) and PSA levels (rs= 0.18, P=.184) was not observed. The data were then analyzed using a univariate logistic regression model to investigate whether EZH2 mRNA expression levels are associated with conditions of BPH with prostatitis (Table 3). High levels of EZH2 expression were found to be associated with an increased risk of having BPH with prostatitis (crude odds ratio 0.20, 95% CI 0.06–0.65, P=.0076). Similarly, total serum PSA levels proved to be an important parameter for distinguishing simple BPH from BPH with prostatitis (crude odds ratio 0.19, 95% CI 0.06–0.56, P=.0028). Furthermore, the multivariate analysis showed that EZH2 mRNA expression was an independent predictor of the development of BPH with prostatitis with crude odds ratio of 0.02 (95% CI 0.003–0.92, P=.044), improving the diagnostic significance of PSA.Figure 2 Correlation between EZH2 mRNA relative expression and serum IL-6 concentration in BPH and BPH with prostatitis patients. rs, Spearman correlation coefficient.Download FigureTable 3 Logistic regression analysis for predicting the presence of benign prostatic hyperplasia with prostatitis.CovariantCrude odds ratio95% CIPUnivariate analysis EZH20.200.06–0.65.0076 PSA0.190.06–0.56.0028Multivariate analysis0.050.003–0.92.044EZH2:Enhancer of zeste homolog 2; PSA:prostate-specific antigen.Relationship between enhancer of zeste homolog 2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression and histological types of prostatitisThe relationship between EZH2 mRNA expression and the different types of prostatitis is outlined in Table 4. Overall, 92.5% (52/56) of BPH with prostatitis had detectable EZH2 mRNA expression compared with 72% (36/50) of simple BPH (c2=16, P=.008). Except for the CIP that showed 66.7% EZH2 expression, AP and ACP had detectable EZH2 expression (100%). A trend was observed toward differential EZH2 mRNA expression between ACP and simple BPH specimens (P=.0006) but not CIP (P=.73).Table 4 Relationship between EZH2, mRNA expression, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and different types of prostatitis.Pathology of specimenNo. specimenNumber expressing EZH2 (%)PaTotal106Benign prostatic hyperplasia5036 (72)Benign prostatic hyperplasia with prostatitis5652 (92.8).008Acute prostatitis1212 (100).05Chronic active prostatitis3232 (100).0006Chronic inactive prostatitis128 (66.7).73EZH2:Enhancer of zeste homolog 2; mRNA:messenger ribonucleic acid.aFisher exact test: Comparison between EZH2 mRNA expressions in the different types of prostatitis versus benign prostatic hyperplasia only samples. Chi square test (χ2=16, P=.0014) was used to compare the expression of EZH2 across the different types of benign prostatic hyperplasia with prostatitis with that of benign prostatic hyperplasia only.DISCUSSIONEZH2 is a polycomb group protein that acts as a transcriptional repressor controlling cellular memory and helps in maintaining cell type identity.17 Thus, deregulation of its expression and subsequently that of the transcriptional machinery can result in cell identity loss and oncogenic transformation. Upregulation of its gene expression has been linked to cell growth promotion and prostate cancer aggressiveness.9 In breast cancer, down regulation of EZH2 expression, chemically or genetically, caused reactivation of 58 EZH2-repressed immune response genes like interleukin 8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), chemokine (C-C motif ) ligand 2 (CCL2), chemokine (C-X-C motif ) ligand 2 (CXCl2), and many others.14 Our study showed that although EZH2 expression is detected in both types of BPH, overexpression of EZH2 mRNA in BPH with acute or chronic active prostatitis was more frequent than in BPH only conditions (P<.0001). The logistic regression analysis showed that EZH2 may be an independent factor in the discrimination of the two prostatic conditions. This is further supported by the parallel increase in PSA levels in BPH with the prostatitis group, and the additive effect of EZH2 to the predictive power of the multivariate model, despite the lack of correlation between the two factors (rs= 0.18, P=.184). We also investigated the relationship of EZH2 expression positivity with the different types of histological prostatitis (Table 4). EZH2 expression had a remarkable low detectability level in simple BPH (72%) when compared to BPH with prostatitis (92.5%) (P=.008). Moreover, patients with chronic active prostatitis displayed a stronger relation with EZH2 expression compared to acute and chronic inactive prostatitis (P=.05 and .73, respectively).It is commonly known that inflammatory cascades are crucial in the development of simple BPH; however, the primary event in the activation of this cascade is still unclear.18 The importance of these inflammatory reactions in the pathogenesis of BPH symptoms were confirmed by the positive correlation between the young-onset prostatitis and later development of lower urinary tract symptoms.19 IL-6 is a cytokine expressed in the stromal and luminal epithelial BPH cells, and characterized by its proliferative action, which suggests its role during the IL-17-dependent BPH-associated inflammatory processes.20 We report elevated serum levels of IL-6 in BPH with prostatitis patients, as compared to BPH only. A strong negative correlation was also reported between IL-6 and EZH2 levels in BPH with prostatitis (P=.011), reinforcing the potential novel role of EZH2 in suppressing the expression of some immune response genes. Several studies have reported on the expression pattern of many cytokines and shed a light on their role in prostate tissue inflammation. IL-8 is a direct mediator of neutrophil accumulation and activation at inflammatory sites.21 Recently, IL-8 has been suggested as a reliable marker of BPH with chronic prostatitis. 22 IL-15 plays an important role in the generation and maintenance of intraprostatic infiltrates.23 IL-17 is the principal player in the pathogenesis and maintenance of the immune responses because of its role in the activation of the proinflammatory network.24–26 Thus, it is not surprising that a cytokine-like IL-6 is overexpressed in BPH with prostatitis conditions and found to be inversely correlated with the new regulatory role of EZH2.The probable use of EZH2 expression may be used in deciding which patients may develop prostate cancer in the future by checking for the presence of its overexpression. In this study, 5 patients with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) in addition to BPH + chronic prostatitis had higher levels of expression of EZH2 compared to those without HGPIN or those with BPH. Furthermore, patients with prostate cancer had the highest expression levels of EZH2 compared to patients with BPH only, BPH + prostatitis, or BPH + prostatitis + high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. From basic principles, it would appear that patients with high PSA and overexpression of EZH2 may subsequently develop prostate cancer. Unfortunately, our follow-up period was just about 4 years and no such cases were documented by us. It could be argued that such patients require a closer follow-up and repeat prostate biopsy.Our data shows that EZH2 mRNA expression is positively associated with prostatitis conditions associated with BPH. Also, its inverse correlation with serum IL-6 expression supports the new proposed regulatory role of EZH2. Future studies should aim at the evaluation of EZH2 protein concentrations in BPH and prostatitis prostate tissues using immunohistochemistry and immunochemical assays. Our findings would be certainly strengthened if other inflammatory factors (cytokines and chemokines) were tested for their expression, including IL-8, IL-15, IL-17, and TNF and their relationships with EZH2 expression levels in such inflammatory conditions of the prostate are explored.ARTICLE REFERENCES:1. Wong YC, Wang YZ. Growth factors and epithelial- stromal interactions in prostate cancer development . Int sRev Cytol. 2000; 199:65-116. Google Scholar2. Roehrborn CG, Kaplan SA, Noble WD, Lucia MS, Slawin KM, McVary KT, et al. The impact of acute or chronic inflammation in baseline biopsy on the risk of clinical progression of BPH: results from the MTOPS study . J Urol. 2005; 173:346. Google Scholar3. Mishra VC, Allen DJ, Nicolaou C, Sharif H, Hudd C, Karim OM, et al. 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Google Scholar Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 32, Issue 3May-June 2012 Metrics History Published online7 June 2012 AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by Kuwait University Research Grant MS01/05. The authors would like to thank the following: Ms. Reeba M. Eapin, Dr. Asa Prasad, and Ms. Jeena S. Jones for their technical support.InformationCopyright © 2012, Annals of Saudi MedicineThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.PDF download" @default.
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• W1948481808 title "The effect of prostate tissue inflammation in benign prostatic hyperplasia on enhancer of zeste homolog 2 ribonucleic acid expression" @default.
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