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- W1953497567 abstract "The most esoteric research field in the natural sciences is probably quantum physics. Despite the fact that Werner Heisenberg first proposed its central concepts nearly 80 years ago, it continues to baffle physicists and to cause headaches among non‐physicists. Even Albert Einstein was unwilling to accept the central tenet that everything is just a matter of possibilities; he famously dismissed Heisenberg's ideas by asserting that “God does not throw dice.” As quantum physics seems too mystical to be relevant to anything as real as a living organism, it might come as a surprise that its first applications have arrived in biology, rather than physics.The seeds of contemporary quantum biology were sown as early as 1930, a mere three years after Heisenberg postulated his uncertainty principle describing the inability to measure related quantities exactly (see sidebar). At that time, Erich Huckel, a German chemist and physicist, developed simplified methods based on quantum mechanics (QM) for analysing the structure of unsaturated organic molecules, in particular to explain the state of electrons in aromatic compounds. But Huckel was too far ahead of his time, and his concepts went almost completely unrecognized until the 1950s, when the arrival of computers made it possible to perform more detailed calculations. It was not until the 1990s, however, that the field of quantum biology became established with the development of density functional theory (DFT), which allows accurate calculations of electronic structure (see sidebar). By that time, high‐resolution structures of protein complexes obtained using X‐ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance produced sufficiently accurate descriptions of crucial molecules for QM methods to unravel the details of key reactions, such as ATP hydrolysis.A Background in PhysicsIn the early nineteenth century, physics faced a crisis, as researchers made a number of observations on the behaviour of single photons …" @default.
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- W1953497567 date "2006-08-01" @default.
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- W1953497567 title "A quantum leap in biology" @default.
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- W1953497567 doi "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400802" @default.
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