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- W195743963 abstract "Abstract Treatment of fuel materials such as coal, oil shale, tar sands, and heavy bitumen can be processed with high temperature water and such process fundamentals are discussed in this chapter. Processing of fuel materials with water makes use of advantageous properties of water, such as availability, environmental compatibility, and solubility behavior at ambient and high temperature conditions. At low temperatures, hydrocarbons are nearly immiscible with water, while at high temperatures the solubility increases until around the critical temperature, total miscibility occurs. In parallel, the reactivity of hydrocarbons with water increases with temperature and hydrolytic and pyrolytic transformations are observed. Only simple hydrocarbons are relatively stable at near-critical and supercritical water conditions. With increasing temperature, other properties of hydrocarbons also change: Viscosity is drastically reduced, surface tension decreases with the enhanced mutual solubility, and nonhydrocarbon components can react to compounds that are readily removed from the hydrocarbon mixture. The hydrocarbon mixture from the process is treated and upgraded to conventional hydrocarbon mixtures. Removal of solids, including fine particles, from effluents is possible in processes with near-critical and supercritical water. Examples are presented for treating coal, oil shale, and tar sands, and the upgrading of bitumen with hydrothermal and supercritical water. Further investigations reported in the literature are annotated." @default.
- W195743963 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W195743963 date "2014-01-01" @default.
- W195743963 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
- W195743963 title "Processing of Fuel Materials with Hydrothermal and Supercritical Water" @default.
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- W195743963 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-59413-6.00007-8" @default.
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