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• W195887103 abstract "ABSTRACT Padre Island, Texas, a subtropical, semi-arid barrier island, was chosen as the study site for development of technical specifications and methodologies to rebuild and/or stabilize deteriorated foredunes as natural barriers against storm surges. The necessary attributes of a plant useful for beach or foredune plantings are a fibrous root system and the abilities to grow in the salt-spray zone, to trap sand, to continue growth during rapid sand accumulation, to spread laterally, and to survive prolonged drought. Of the species tested, bitter panicum, proved best adapted for transplanting. Sea oats were less desirable only because transplanting survival was slightly poorer and they were harder to handle while planting. Other native species tested were unsatisfactory for one reason or another, as were thirteen species exotic to the area. Both of the preferred species were successfully planted from December through May. January plantings were most successful for sea oats, but bitter panicum transplants survived well during any of these months. Successful beach plantings only 15m wide trapped all the available sand, therefore wider plantings would be unnecessary. Extended drought and sea water impounded on new plantings from seasonal storm surges were the two obvious reasons for planting failures. Transplants were unable to survive soil salinity levels of 4300 μ mhos/cm for more than a few days. Therefore prolonged inundation by sea water (conductance in excess of 13,340 μ mhos/cm) if not accompanied by rain, proved fatal to transplants. Experimental plantings with no more than 8% survival have accumulated as much as 42.4 m 3 /m of beach in 50 months. Other plantings with 20% transplant survival have accumulated 48.9 m 3 /m of beach in 50 months. The Gulf of Mexico coastline bordering the United States in 2610 km in length, extending from the mouth of the Rio Grande to Key West, Florida. This coastline varies from mainland sand beaches and marine marshes of offshore barrier islands. The barrier islands are discontinuous from Florida to the mid-Texas coast, but they are continuous along the south Texas coast. These sandy barrier islands, built by natural processes, afford protection to the mainland from seasonal high tides, storm surges, and hurricane-generated waves. Barrier islands in the humid regions are covered with a variety of vegetation including trees, shrubs, and grasses, whereas those in the semi-arid regions have little woody vegetation. Although considerable erosion may occur naturally along the shore face and in low areas overtopped by rising water, erosion is accelerated in areas that lack a vegetative cover. The combined effects of drought, storm surges, and man's destructive influence - such as overgrazing, improper burning, and dune-buggying, have denuded large expanses (1). At such areas storm surges breach the foredunes allowing excessive amounts of sand to be transported into the interior of the islands onto the existing lowland vegetation (2). There is no evidence to indicate that primordial Padre Island was other than fully vegetated. A vegetated dune barrier will prevent or reduce flooding from hurricane storm surges, as well as from high tides from high pressure systems. Such a surge on February 13, 1969, washed out the road on south Padre Island and the approaches to bridges over hurricane passes on Mustang Island (5). Observations by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Galveston District, (10, 11, 12) for hurricanes Carla, 1961; Beulah, 1967; and Celia, 1970, revealed that barrier islands of the Texas coast were breached in approximately 100 places or, on the average, every 5 to 6 km along the barrier island chain. In each case, sizable volumes of sand were transported from the beach and foredune across the Padre Island. Vegetated dunes 3-5 m above sea level suffer minimal erosion and loss of sand during these hurricanes, as attested by an unbroken 16 km segment of dune along central Padre Island. The barrier dune's potential to absorb surge energy and prevent its penetration into the bays, estuaries, and rivers is immeasurable. For a number of reasons, the U. S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center was obliged to study ways and means whereby well-vegetated primary dunes could be restored on the barrier islands along the Texas coast. Accordingly they contracted with the Gulf Universities Research Consortium of Galveston, Texas, to establish technical specifications and methodologies for cost-effective use of natural grasses to build and/or stabilize foredune ridges as natural barriers against storm surges. Ultimately, Texas Tech University, a member of the consortium, was charged with formulating plans for, and carrying out, on-site research into ways to accomplish this objective. The authors have for five years pursued these goals on north and south Padre Island (5, 7, 8, 9)." @default.
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• W195887103 date "1975-01-01" @default.
• W195887103 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W195887103 title "VEGETATION FOR CREATION AND STABILIZATION OF FOREDUNES, TEXAS COAST" @default.
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• W195887103 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-197502-9.50033-2" @default.
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