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• W196355189 abstract "With the glaring exception of education, every profession in the United States that has a college degree as a prerequisite also requires the passage of an examination that measures the competency in skills and knowledge that define that profession. Thus, a CPA test would require an examinee to compare potential earnings of an IRA versus a municipal bond, whereas an examination in medicine would require future physicians to be able to monitor penicillin-sensitivity shock. Competency tests are necessary, relevant, and justifiably restrictive if professional standards are deemed important. These tests may be culturally biased if, by definition, signifies better performance on the average by one cultural group over another. Is it not logical that such bias is proper if satisfactory performance on a test is strongly correlated with competent performance in the profession? Needless to say, the social problem with such lies not with the examination, assuming that the exam is unbiased, but with the previous training and overall preparation of the candidates. To cite a concrete example, if an examination proved African-American (or Hispanic, or Native American, or other minority) medical students to be better at diagnosing early-stage, curable cancer than their Anglo peers, should the examination be considered biased? Certainly not! The skill is prerequisite to successful medical practice. In this case the diagnosticians should retain the test and train the Anglo students to interpret more accurately vital signs and symptoms. The Problem of Licensure Testing One problem with American tests that purportedly assess competency in teaching is that, unlike their counterparts in accounting or medicine, professional education examinations typically do not measure whether examinees have mastered practical skills, such as the ability to employ alternative methods of instruction if the initial method proves unsuccessful. Nor do they assess the ability to deal with irate parents regarding their child's report card--nor the ability to maintain discipline in a classroom. The successful negotiation of these instructional and social demands is critical to successful teaching; yet examinations such as the Texas Examination of Current Administrators and Teachers (Texas Education Agency, 1985b) are restricted to a very narrow range of talents; that is, the ability to identify parts of speech, apply grammar, and solve mathematical fraction problems. Many incompetent teachers can compose grammatically correct sentences, avoid comma splices, and calculate common denominators. Conversely, many certified teachers are deficient in one or more of these basic skills (as observed by the authors for more than 35 years). Licensure tests must discriminate good from poor practitioners. The ethical dilemma presented by written examinations that do not measure professional competency is that the denial of licensure because of a low test score cannot be justified. This injustice is culturally biased because, historically and consistently, Hispanic, African-American, and other minorities have tended to perform at a lower level than Anglos on examinations for teacher licensure (Fields, 1988). Again, were the examinations a litmus of competency, the tests would be valid no matter what the outcome ethnically. American Teacher Competency Testing The low validity of American teacher competency tests which fail to include practice-oriented items does not set the standard for the world; in fact, in Germany a federal examination consisting of essay writing and oral responses is administered immediately after the teacher candidate has completed all phases of formal schooling (i.e., didactic, laboratory, and apprenticeship) but before a teaching contract has been issued. It would never occur to Germany's teaching profession nor to the populace to require additional examinations of classroom teachers, just as examinations are not required of practicing judges, lawyers, dentists, or physicians (Kolstad, Coker, & Edelhoff, 1989). …" @default.
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• W196355189 title "Professional Testing of Teachers" @default.
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