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• W1963558560 abstract "Demographics is a field of study in which statistical characteristics of a population are followed over a period of time. Commonly, demographic data are used in analyses involving fields such as sociology, public policy, and marketing. Characteristics that are followed often include gender, age, survival, a variety of disabilities, urbanization, socioeconomic factors, educational level, and many other variables. Demographic changes in a population can have major consequences for healthcare delivery and planning. For example, if the population in a specific country demonstrates a demographic trend for increasing numbers of geriatric individuals, this will have a major impact on the demand for inpatient hospital and rehabilitation services because this age group has a high rate of use for such services.Recently, 2 major US periodicals have given extensive coverage to demographic changes in our country and throughout the world.1Kotkin J. Demographics in the US.Smithsonian Magazine. July/August 2010; http://www.smithsonianmag.com/specialsections/40th-anniversary/The-Changing-Demographics-of-America.htmlGoogle Scholar, 2Chin G. Marathe T. Roberts L. Doom or vroom?.Science. 2011; 333: 538-539Crossref PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar, 3Roberts L. 9 billion.Science. 2011; 333: 540-543Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar, 4Malakoff D. Are more people necessarily a problem?.Science. 2011; 333: 544-546Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar, 5Normile D. The upside of downsizing.Science. 2011; 333: 547Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar, 6Kaiser J. Does family planning bring down fertility?.Science. 2011; 333: 548-549Crossref PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar, 7Couzin-Frankel J. A pitched battle over lifespan.Science. 2011; 333: 549-550Crossref PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar, 8Hvisterdahl M. How to engineer a baby boom.Science. 2011; 333: 551Crossref PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar, 9Vogel E. Regional snapshots.Science. 2011; 333: 555-557Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar, 10Reardon S. A world of chronic disease.Science. 2011; 333: 558-559Crossref PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar, 11Bloom D.E. 7 billion and counting.Science. 2011; 333: 562-569Crossref PubMed Scopus (219) Google Scholar, 12Lee R. The outlook for population growth.Science. 2011; 333: 569-573Crossref PubMed Scopus (199) Google Scholar Written primarily by professional journalists, these reports are both easily understood and comprehensive. Similar trends are described in both magazines: Technologically advanced countries will continue to see dramatic increases in the percentage of their population aged 65 years or more, combined with marked decreases in per capita birth rates, so-called fertility rates. For example, Brazil, a country rapidly advancing into the category of technologically advanced, has seen a marked decrease in fertility rates, which has been ascribed to female access to education and employment combined with ease of access to contraception. In addition, female media role models are commonly portrayed as actively involved in their careers with minimal numbers of children under their care.Many technically advanced countries are expected to experience declines in population over the coming decades because of decreasing fertility rates. Declining population growth and reduced numbers of residents are expected to be particularly challenging in countries with low immigration rates, such as Japan, where elderly individuals represent an ever-increasing segment of the population. In the United States, fertility rates are expected to remain relatively constant because of higher birth rates among new immigrant families. In most countries experiencing decreasing fertility rates, the death toll also is decreasing, with these 2 factors leading to an increased percentage of the population aged more than 65 years. Clearly, this demographic trend has major implications for healthcare distribution and financing. I have personally already witnessed one aspect of this trend in the expanding number of elderly and very elderly individuals experiencing a first myocardial infarction compared with my experience of 40 years ago when I was in training. In addition, an ever-increasing percentage of the US population is obese or diabetic, and this will further augment future demand for healthcare on inpatient and outpatient services.Major demographic changes also are anticipated with respect to the ethnic composition of the United States. By 2050, less than 50% of the US population is predicted to be white, with Hispanics the most numerous minority group after whites. The Asian population in our country also will expand markedly. Because health expectations and communication differ among ethnic groups, these ethnic alterations involve major healthcare implications. For example, given the choice, Asians often choose medical therapy over surgery, with increased use of alternative health modalities.Educational level is another major demographic factor in disease incidence in the United States, with worse outcomes seen for individuals in lower educational and socioeconomic segments of the population. These latter 2 groups of US residents experience more illness, greater infant mortality, and shorter life expectancy. This trend is seen not only in the United States but also in European countries, despite more extensive social and health programs than are available in the United States.By the year 2050, the total human population in the world is expected to exceed 9 billion individuals with most of the growth occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, where fertility rates will remain high despite a high fatality toll. The population of Europe is expected to remain relatively constant with notable declines in specific countries. Asian, North American, and Latin American populations will expand modestly. The US population will likely grow moderately as a result of immigration and high fertility rates in this group. The overall result for the US will be a more diverse citizenry with differing disease prevalence, expression, and presentation, requiring flexible management strategies. Education for physicians and other healthcare providers will need to emphasize and understand numerous aspects of this increasingly diverse US population to provide efficient and effective healthcare across an ever-expanding spectrum of patients. Demographics is a field of study in which statistical characteristics of a population are followed over a period of time. Commonly, demographic data are used in analyses involving fields such as sociology, public policy, and marketing. Characteristics that are followed often include gender, age, survival, a variety of disabilities, urbanization, socioeconomic factors, educational level, and many other variables. Demographic changes in a population can have major consequences for healthcare delivery and planning. For example, if the population in a specific country demonstrates a demographic trend for increasing numbers of geriatric individuals, this will have a major impact on the demand for inpatient hospital and rehabilitation services because this age group has a high rate of use for such services. Recently, 2 major US periodicals have given extensive coverage to demographic changes in our country and throughout the world.1Kotkin J. Demographics in the US.Smithsonian Magazine. July/August 2010; http://www.smithsonianmag.com/specialsections/40th-anniversary/The-Changing-Demographics-of-America.htmlGoogle Scholar, 2Chin G. Marathe T. Roberts L. Doom or vroom?.Science. 2011; 333: 538-539Crossref PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar, 3Roberts L. 9 billion.Science. 2011; 333: 540-543Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar, 4Malakoff D. Are more people necessarily a problem?.Science. 2011; 333: 544-546Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar, 5Normile D. The upside of downsizing.Science. 2011; 333: 547Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar, 6Kaiser J. Does family planning bring down fertility?.Science. 2011; 333: 548-549Crossref PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar, 7Couzin-Frankel J. A pitched battle over lifespan.Science. 2011; 333: 549-550Crossref PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar, 8Hvisterdahl M. How to engineer a baby boom.Science. 2011; 333: 551Crossref PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar, 9Vogel E. Regional snapshots.Science. 2011; 333: 555-557Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar, 10Reardon S. A world of chronic disease.Science. 2011; 333: 558-559Crossref PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar, 11Bloom D.E. 7 billion and counting.Science. 2011; 333: 562-569Crossref PubMed Scopus (219) Google Scholar, 12Lee R. The outlook for population growth.Science. 2011; 333: 569-573Crossref PubMed Scopus (199) Google Scholar Written primarily by professional journalists, these reports are both easily understood and comprehensive. Similar trends are described in both magazines: Technologically advanced countries will continue to see dramatic increases in the percentage of their population aged 65 years or more, combined with marked decreases in per capita birth rates, so-called fertility rates. For example, Brazil, a country rapidly advancing into the category of technologically advanced, has seen a marked decrease in fertility rates, which has been ascribed to female access to education and employment combined with ease of access to contraception. In addition, female media role models are commonly portrayed as actively involved in their careers with minimal numbers of children under their care. Many technically advanced countries are expected to experience declines in population over the coming decades because of decreasing fertility rates. Declining population growth and reduced numbers of residents are expected to be particularly challenging in countries with low immigration rates, such as Japan, where elderly individuals represent an ever-increasing segment of the population. In the United States, fertility rates are expected to remain relatively constant because of higher birth rates among new immigrant families. In most countries experiencing decreasing fertility rates, the death toll also is decreasing, with these 2 factors leading to an increased percentage of the population aged more than 65 years. Clearly, this demographic trend has major implications for healthcare distribution and financing. I have personally already witnessed one aspect of this trend in the expanding number of elderly and very elderly individuals experiencing a first myocardial infarction compared with my experience of 40 years ago when I was in training. In addition, an ever-increasing percentage of the US population is obese or diabetic, and this will further augment future demand for healthcare on inpatient and outpatient services. Major demographic changes also are anticipated with respect to the ethnic composition of the United States. By 2050, less than 50% of the US population is predicted to be white, with Hispanics the most numerous minority group after whites. The Asian population in our country also will expand markedly. Because health expectations and communication differ among ethnic groups, these ethnic alterations involve major healthcare implications. For example, given the choice, Asians often choose medical therapy over surgery, with increased use of alternative health modalities. Educational level is another major demographic factor in disease incidence in the United States, with worse outcomes seen for individuals in lower educational and socioeconomic segments of the population. These latter 2 groups of US residents experience more illness, greater infant mortality, and shorter life expectancy. This trend is seen not only in the United States but also in European countries, despite more extensive social and health programs than are available in the United States. By the year 2050, the total human population in the world is expected to exceed 9 billion individuals with most of the growth occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, where fertility rates will remain high despite a high fatality toll. The population of Europe is expected to remain relatively constant with notable declines in specific countries. Asian, North American, and Latin American populations will expand modestly. The US population will likely grow moderately as a result of immigration and high fertility rates in this group. The overall result for the US will be a more diverse citizenry with differing disease prevalence, expression, and presentation, requiring flexible management strategies. Education for physicians and other healthcare providers will need to emphasize and understand numerous aspects of this increasingly diverse US population to provide efficient and effective healthcare across an ever-expanding spectrum of patients." @default.
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• W1963558560 title "Changing US and World Demographics: Consequences for the Practice of Medicine" @default.
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