FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W1963752016> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W1963752016 endingPage "e152" @default.
• W1963752016 startingPage "e150" @default.
• W1963752016 abstract "To the Editors: INTRODUCTION Following World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, many antiretroviral treatment (ART) programs are currently scaling up the use of tenofovir-based first line ART.1 However, tenofovir can potentially be nephrotoxic, and chronic kidney disease has been found to be prevalent in HIV-infected individuals in many regions and settings, including Asia.2,3 WHO recommends that tenofovir should be dose reduced or avoided in case of decreased kidney function defined as an estimated creatinine clearance of <50 mL/min, based on the Cockroft–Gault (CG) formula.1 Evaluation of kidney function before and during ART is thus indicated. The 2013 revised WHO guideline recommends targeted creatinine testing before initiation of tenofovir.4 In contrast with routine creatinine testing, targeted testing in those with a higher probability of kidney dysfunction (KD) has the potential to save precious resources while still identifying those at risk with a high yield. Although the 2013 WHO guidelines put forward several risk factors for KD, practical guidance on how to use these and how to target testing is lacking. However, such approach should be explicit and evidence based, simple and easy to apply in the field. Clinical prediction tools (CPTs) are increasingly used for such purposes. CPTs are decision-making tools for clinicians, often relying on basic readily available clinical information.5 Among adults undergoing pre-ART evaluation in an ART program in Cambodia, we developed a CPT for targeted creatinine testing. METHODS Study Design and Population We conducted a cross-sectional evaluation using routinely collected clinical data between 2003 and 2011 in the Sihanouk Hospital Center of Hope, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. As previously reported, this nongovernmental hospital provides free ART since 2003, as part of the national program.6–9 All ARV-naive adult patients undergoing creatinine testing as part of their pre-ART evaluation were included. Those with missing body weight were excluded because this precluded the calculation of the CG equation. HIV Care Delivery and Antiretroviral Treatment All newly unrolled patients underwent clinical staging and CD4 cell count determination (FACSCount; Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ). ART-eligibility criteria followed WHO and national guidelines. Over the study period, preferential first line treatment was stavudine based. However, tenofovir-based first line ART will be implemented nationally before the end of 2013. Before ART initiation, a set of baseline laboratory tests were performed, including hematology, liver function tests, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis C serology, CD4 cell count determination, and serum creatinine measurement (using Jaffe's kinetic assay on a HITACHI 704 analyzer with Human reagents). Data Collection and Statistical Analysis Since the launch of the ART program, clinical and laboratory data were prospectively recorded using standardized data collection tools and electronically stored, with regular quality control by the data management team. All patients enrolling in the program were requested to give written informed consent to store and use the data. The main outcome was KD, defined as an estimated creatinine clearance—based on the CG equation—of <50 mL/min. The methodology for the development of the clinical prediction score has been reported before. In brief, we used the Spiegelhalter and Knill-Jones method adapted by Berkley et al.9–12 The potential predictors considered were age, baseline body weight, baseline hemoglobin, WHO clinical stage, gender, baseline CD4 cell count, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C coinfection. Continuous variables were dichotomized based on the receiver operating curves (ROCs), with the optimal cutoff at the point that maximized the sum of sensitivity and specificity. Cutoff values were rounded to obtain values that are easy to use in clinical practice. Crude likelihood ratios (LHRs) were calculated for all variables and those with a LHR ≥2 or ≤0.5 were selected for inclusion in the score building. To adjust for correlations between predictors, LHR were adjusted using multivariate logistic regression. Variables conditionally associated with KD with a LHR ≥1.5 or ≤0.67 were retained. To develop the scoring system, the predictor score for each predictor was obtained by calculating the natural logarithm of the adjusted LHR and rounding this result to the nearest integer. For simplification, the score was recoded by setting the reference level for each predictor to zero. Summing the predictor scores of the individual's risk factors yielded the total predictor score for each patient. Next, alternative scoring systems were developed by using body mass index (BMI) instead of body weight and by removing hemoglobin. Finally, we repeated the analysis using less stringent cutoff values for the crude LHRs (LHR ≥1.5 or ≤0.67). Comparison of the performance of the different scores relative to the original score was based on the area under the ROC (AUROC) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The data set was split randomly in a derivation data set—containing 75% of the data—and a validation data set. RESULTS Over the study period, a total of 3316 ARV-naive adults initiated ART. With 353 individuals excluded for missing baseline data, 2963 were included in analysis, with a median age of 35 years [interquartile range (IQR), 30–41] and a median baseline CD4 count of 88 cells per microliter (IQR, 27–212). Forty-nine percent were male. The median body weight at baseline was 49 kg (IQR, 43–55). In total, 282 (9.5%) had KD pre-ART. A total of 2192 (75%) were randomly included in the derivation data set, the remainder were used for validation. Four factors were retained for inclusion in multivariate analysis, based on the predefined criteria for LHR (Table 1). Only 3 factors were retained in the risk score development process, resulting in a score ranging from 0 to 5. The probability of KD ranged from 1.0% for those with a score of 0 to 51.2% for a score of 5. Using a risk prediction score including age (score +2 if >40 years), body weight (score +2 if <45 kg), and hemoglobin (score +1 if <10 g/dL) achieved an AUROC of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.80 to 0.85) in derivation and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.76 to 0.86) in the validation data set. With a cutoff of the score at 2 (score ≥2), sensitivity for KD was 91.5% in validation, while avoiding testing in 50.5%. Using a higher cutoff (score ≥4) increased specificity with only 7.3% of individuals requiring creatinine testing, but with a significant loss in sensitivity (see Table S1, Supplemental Digital Content,https://links.lww.com/QAI/A476). Using BMI (cutoff <18 kg/m2) instead of body weight, a validated AUROC of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.72 to 0.83) was obtained. If hemoglobin measurement would be removed as item from the original score (eg, if this test would not be available), the AUROC was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.74 to 0.83) in the validation data set. Recalculating the clinical prediction score with less restrictive cutoff values for the crude LHRs yielded a 4 item score including age (score +2 if >40 years), body weight (score +2 if <45 kg), sex (score +1 if female), and WHO stage (score +1 if WHO stage III/IV), with an AUROC of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.76 to 0.85) (see Table S2, Supplemental Digital Content,https://links.lww.com/QAI/A476).TABLE 1: Predictors and Associated LHRs for Factors Used to Develop a Scoring System to Detect Kidney Dysfunction (N = 2192; Derivation Data Set)DISCUSSION Guidelines and practices, including for HIV care, should ideally be evidence based and make careful use of resources. Procedures or interventions are to be prioritized to those with the highest benefit and avoided in those with no or minimal gain. Doing routine laboratory testing is often costly and might result in additional delays, especially if the test cannot be performed on site. Targeted evaluation using evidence-based tools might be a rational way to optimize the use of often scarce resources available for health delivery in resource-constrained settings.13 Moreover, patient populations are not homogeneous, but consist of different “risk groups.” Risk-based patient management, relying on CPTs, is increasingly used to guide decision making. The 2013 revised WHO guidelines recommend against routine and in favor of targeted creatinine testing before initiation of tenofovir.4 The CPT in this study is an example of a tool for such a strategy, which is evidence based and relies on basic clinical information. It is simple and easy to apply in the field. Testing those with a score value of 2 or more would cut the amount of tests by half, with clear cost-saving implications, and would reduce unnecessary delays. Other examples of such CPTs exist within the HIV field, for example, the development of clinical scoring systems combined with targeted viral load testing.14 CPTs need to undergo extensive validation before being implemented and the same applies to ours. How its performance would vary across settings remains to be evaluated. Especially the cutoff of body weight might critically depend on the physical constitution in the general population. Possibly, the BMI cutoff might be more stable across populations. Importantly, traditional risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension should be integrated as well. Screening for these factors is, however, not yet integrated in many (vertical) HIV care programs. In this regard, this study essentially provides the proof of concept from the HIV program perspective. Adding additional non-HIV factors might lead to further model improvement. Finally, we only assessed targeted creatine testing before ART initiation. Future studies evaluating such an approach while on ART merit further study. In conclusion, we developed and internally validated a CPT for targeted creatinine testing. Further validation is needed before routine clinical use. Similar approaches could be useful for other components of HIV care." @default.
• W1963752016 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1963752016 creator A5028128458 @default.
• W1963752016 creator A5045317610 @default.
• W1963752016 creator A5067455395 @default.
• W1963752016 creator A5074786702 @default.
• W1963752016 creator A5082739891 @default.
• W1963752016 date "2014-04-01" @default.
• W1963752016 modified "2023-10-01" @default.
• W1963752016 title "A Clinical Prediction Score for Targeted Creatinine Testing Before Initiating Tenofovir-Based Antiretroviral Treatment in Cambodia" @default.
• W1963752016 cites W1985118660 @default.
• W1963752016 cites W1990889843 @default.
• W1963752016 cites W1991175434 @default.
• W1963752016 cites W2001714712 @default.
• W1963752016 cites W2006263719 @default.
• W1963752016 cites W2019282195 @default.
• W1963752016 cites W2094977131 @default.
• W1963752016 cites W2111074581 @default.
• W1963752016 cites W2115013670 @default.
• W1963752016 cites W2148158699 @default.
• W1963752016 cites W2162761942 @default.
• W1963752016 doi "https://doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000000022" @default.
• W1963752016 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24121759" @default.
• W1963752016 hasPublicationYear "2014" @default.
• W1963752016 type Work @default.
• W1963752016 sameAs 1963752016 @default.
• W1963752016 citedByCount "2" @default.
• W1963752016 countsByYear W19637520162014 @default.
• W1963752016 countsByYear W19637520162016 @default.
• W1963752016 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W1963752016 hasAuthorship W1963752016A5028128458 @default.
• W1963752016 hasAuthorship W1963752016A5045317610 @default.
• W1963752016 hasAuthorship W1963752016A5067455395 @default.
• W1963752016 hasAuthorship W1963752016A5074786702 @default.
• W1963752016 hasAuthorship W1963752016A5082739891 @default.
• W1963752016 hasBestOaLocation W19637520161 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConcept C126322002 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConcept C142462285 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConcept C143998085 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConcept C159047783 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConcept C2779344132 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConcept C2780306776 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConcept C2993143319 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConcept C3013748606 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConcept C3019165603 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConcept C71924100 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConceptScore W1963752016C126322002 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConceptScore W1963752016C142462285 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConceptScore W1963752016C143998085 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConceptScore W1963752016C159047783 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConceptScore W1963752016C2779344132 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConceptScore W1963752016C2780306776 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConceptScore W1963752016C2993143319 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConceptScore W1963752016C3013748606 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConceptScore W1963752016C3019165603 @default.
• W1963752016 hasConceptScore W1963752016C71924100 @default.
• W1963752016 hasIssue "4" @default.
• W1963752016 hasLocation W19637520161 @default.
• W1963752016 hasLocation W19637520162 @default.
• W1963752016 hasOpenAccess W1963752016 @default.
• W1963752016 hasPrimaryLocation W19637520161 @default.
• W1963752016 hasRelatedWork W2065202529 @default.
• W1963752016 hasRelatedWork W2399424781 @default.
• W1963752016 hasRelatedWork W2418227611 @default.
• W1963752016 hasRelatedWork W2556247658 @default.
• W1963752016 hasRelatedWork W2987747606 @default.
• W1963752016 hasRelatedWork W4210905456 @default.
• W1963752016 hasRelatedWork W4244919073 @default.
• W1963752016 hasRelatedWork W4254683178 @default.
• W1963752016 hasRelatedWork W4256717774 @default.
• W1963752016 hasRelatedWork W574865336 @default.
• W1963752016 hasVolume "65" @default.
• W1963752016 isParatext "false" @default.
• W1963752016 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W1963752016 magId "1963752016" @default.
• W1963752016 workType "article" @default.