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• W1965379159 abstract "Abstract Fluid buildup in the wellbore has long been recognized as a detriment to flow from gas wells. This is particularly true for wells completed in formations with low permeability, where hydraulic fracture stimulation is a prerequisite to commercial production. In natural flow, the gas velocity governs whether the fluid produced into the wellbore will be conveyed to the surface or allowed to fall back on the formation. It is therefore of extreme importance that a method for predicting the minimum or critical velocity be predicting the minimum or critical velocity be established. Prediction methods previously documented in literature have proven inaccurate for the flow conditions encountered in Cotton Valley wells in the East Texas area. A modified calculation procedure, based on actual flow data, for the determination of fluid loading of said wells is presented. To sustain natural flow it is imperative the gas velocity be above the calculated critical value. A number of methods are available for increasing the gas velocity. The effects of tubing size and wellhead pressure as they pertain to gas velocity are presented. Introduction Fluid loading in gas wells impedes hydrocarbon production and results in premature abandonment of hydrocarbon bearing formations. Loading results when the gas production from a well declines to a point where there is insufficient energy available to continuously lift fluid to the surface. At this point, the liquid produced into the wellbore is lifted in produced into the wellbore is lifted in intermittent slugs evidenced by erratic differential pen deflections on the orifice meter charts. The pen deflections on the orifice meter charts. The period between slugs increases with a concomitant period between slugs increases with a concomitant decline in gas production. The time required to build up enough pressure to lift the liquid slug is dependent on the formation pressure and permeability. The tighter the rock the longer it permeability. The tighter the rock the longer it takes. Under severe liquid loading conditions the well will eventually become uneconomical to operate. Natural flow is the most efficient and economical lift method available. To maximize profit, providence should be exercised when profit, providence should be exercised when initially equipping a well to prolong the period of natural flow. The proper selection of tubing size and downhole equipment is important. Progress has been made toward the recognition and prevention of fluid loading in Cotton Valley wells in the East Texas Area. A method for predicting the loading status has been developed. predicting the loading status has been developed. The average Cotton Valley well is drilled to a depth of 10,000 feet. The formation is a sandshale series approximately 1,400 feet thick. Static bottom-hole temperatures and pressures average 265 deg. F and 4600 psi, respectively. At these conditions the hydrocarbon in the formation is in the vapor state. The Cotton Valley is classified as a tight formation with permeabilities ranging from .01 to .001 md and permeabilities ranging from .01 to .001 md and porosities ranging from near zero to 10 percent. porosities ranging from near zero to 10 percent. To achieve commercial production the wells are massive hydraulic fracture (MHF) stimulated. Hydrocarbon production is comprised of .63 gravity gas and 55 deg. API gravity condensate. Water production averages 75 bbls/MMCF. production averages 75 bbls/MMCF. THEORY Work has been done to determine how liquid is removed from the wellbore in a gas environment. R. G. Turner et al. concluded movement of liquid droplets entrained in the gas stream to be the governing transportation mode over liquid film movement along the pipe walls. If placed in a gaseous environment, a liquid particle will accelerate downward until the drag force acting against the direction of motion is equal to the force of gravity. At this point a maximum or terminal velocity is reached. If the gas environment is moving upward with a velocity greater than the terminal velocity of the liquid particle the same will be conveyed upward. particle the same will be conveyed upward. P. 1" @default.
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• W1965379159 date "1981-05-27" @default.
• W1965379159 modified "2023-10-15" @default.
• W1965379159 title "Fluid Loading In Low Permeability Gas Wells In The Cotton Valley Sands Of East Texas" @default.
• W1965379159 doi "https://doi.org/10.2118/9855-ms" @default.
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