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• W1966312145 abstract "We have developed a new, extremely sensitive real-space technique (intensity fluctuation microscopy) to probe the order of the nematic--smectic-$A$ $(mathrm{NA})$ transition. Using this technique, we show that the $mathrm{NA}$ transition in ${4}^{ensuremath{'}}ensuremath{-}n$-octyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) is clearly first order, contrary to calorimetric studies but in agreement with conclusions drawn from front-velocity measurements. We characterize the strength of the discontinuity at the first-order transition by the dimensionless quantity ${t}_{0}{=(T}_{mathrm{NA}}ensuremath{-}{T}^{*}{)/T}^{*}.$ By precisely measuring ${t}_{0},$ we have made the first detailed tests of predictions based on the Halperin-Lubensky-Ma (HLM) theory of fluctuation-induced, first-order phase transitions. First, we explore the effect of an external magnetic field on the $mathrm{NA}$ transition. Although modest fields (of order 10 T) are predicted to drive the weakly first-order transition in pure 8CB second order, we observe no such effect; we establish instead that the lower bound on this critical field is $ensuremath{approx}30mathrm{T}.$ Likewise, we observe no effect in mixtures of 8CB with its longer chemical homolog ${4}^{ensuremath{'}}ensuremath{-}n$-decyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (10CB). Second, we examine the dependence of ${t}_{0}$ as a function of 8CB--10CB mixture concentration and find that the data in mixtures with small nematic temperature range are well-fit by the parameters derived by Anisimov et al. based on calorimetric measurements. As we increase the nematic range (by using concentrations closer to pure 8CB), the measured ${t}_{0}$ deviates more and more from the HLM predictions. Smectic fluctuations, which are neglected in the HLM calculation, are an obvious candidate to explain such a discrepancy, but one's naive expectation is that they would reduce ${t}_{0}$ below the HLM levels, whereas the observed values are too large. However, a recent renormalization-group calculation concludes that smectic fluctuations, surprisingly, should indeed increase ${t}_{0},$ explaining the observations presented here." @default.
• W1966312145 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1966312145 date "2002-01-16" @default.
• W1966312145 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W1966312145 title "Two experimental tests of a fluctuation-induced first-order phase transition: Intensity fluctuation microscopy at the nematic–smectic-<mml:math xmlns:mml=http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML display=inline><mml:mi>A</mml:mi></mml:math>transition" @default.
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• W1966312145 doi "https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.65.021702" @default.
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