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• W1966851885 abstract "Leeches are useful for studying embryogenesis. As members of the phylum Annelida, they are organized into a discrete number of metameric units called segments, akin to those of insects and other members of the closely related phylum Arthropoda. For several reasons, developmental studies of the leech often complement those of insects. Leeches have fewer segment-specific specializations and far fewer cells than do insects. Moreover, many of the cells in the mature animal-most notably the neurons-are individually identifiable and often physiologically accessible. Finally, embryogenesis in the leech proceeds via complete cleavages, so that individual cells can be identified from the start, whereas the insect egg undergoes several rounds of nuclear division without cytokinesis, forming a syncytial blastula with several thousand, apparently uncommitted, nuclei. The general pathway of events in leech embryogenesis is presented in the figure. Cells comprising the segments arise by stereotyped lineages from ten columns (bandlets) of blasts cells, longitudinally arrayed in an embryonic structure called the germinal plate. The blast cells in each bandlet are the birth-ranked (first born at the rostra1 end) progeny of a defined embryonic stem cell called a teloblast, which lies at the caudal end of the bandlet. There are five bilateral pairs of teloblasts: one mesodermal pair (M) and four ectodermal pairs (N, O/P, O/P and Q). The teloblasts themselves arise by stereotyped, holoblastic cleavages from the egg. Genesis of Tissue Type Based on the results of pioneering lineage studies with numerous invertebrates, it was predicted that each bilateral pair of teloblasts in the leech would generate only one tissue type. This hypothesis has recently been disproven (as have analogous dogmas for nematode and ascidian embryos). All leech teloblasts, including the mesodermal precursors, give rise to some neurons (traditionally regarded as ectodermal derivatives); all four ectodermal precursors generate epidermal cells and one even contributes to the ducts of nephridia (traditionally regarded as a mesodermal derivative). However, these contributions to tissue type are not made randomly (Kramer and Weisblat, J. Neurosci. 5, 388-407, 1985; We&blat et al., Dev. Biol. 704, 65-85, 1984). Corresponding to the five teloblasts on each side of the early embryo are five distinct groups of cells in each half-segment of the late embryo, called the M, N, 0, P, and CI kinship groups. The stereotyped spatial pattern of each kinship group invariably contains certain identified cells and not others. At present, there is no obvious morphological, biochemical, or functional explanation for the assignment of cells to particular kinship groups. Minireview" @default.
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• W1966851885 date "1985-10-01" @default.
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• W1966851885 title "Segmentation and commitment in the leech embryo" @default.
• W1966851885 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(85)90264-8" @default.
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