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• W1967007146 abstract "Development of the Heat Budget Concept David H. Miller* TTeat budgeting has come into prominence in geography and -*- -*¦climatology only since World War II. Earlier, it appeared chiefly in the superficial diagrams of the planetary heat balance reprinted in the opening section of textbooks, which usually show the budget of energy at the surface of the earth incompletely if at all. Casting the accounts of energy, its income, storage, and outgo at the variegated surface of the earth is, however, an effective tool. It is a means of evaluating many geographic processes and their interactions , analyzing their variations in time, and depicting their distributions over spatial domains of different sizes. The delay in the acceptance of such a useful set of relations about the earth's surface is puzzling. Why did this technique come so late? The energy budget concept is just as valuable in geophysics and geography as in such completely artificial systems as heat exchangers and engines, and in such natural systems as cloud droplets. Its connections with phenomena in the water budget are so close that the two often are investigated together. It provides a powerful means of explaining many features observed in the local air and the upper layers of the soil, and thus is employed in meteorology, botany, and soil science, as well as in the derivative fields of hydrology, agronomy, and forestry. It offers a quantitative expression of the linkages between substrate and local air that account for so many characteristics of local climate, and provides explanatory methods for geography as the study of the earth's surface. The development of the energy budget can be traced from its early formulations, conceived on a global scale without recognition * Dr. Miller has been Professor of Geography at the University of WisconsinMilwaukee , Milwaukee, Wis., 53201, since 1964. 123 124ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC COAST GEOGRAPHERS of the problems of such an approach. More successful smaU-scale investigations laid the foundation for valid measurements of the budget. These now have been extended from local to regional climates and play an important role in explaining the geographic differentiation of the earth. Solar Elevation and Sunshine Duration Differentiation of climate in terms of the height of the sun above the horizon states the significance of solar heat. This statement is not quantitative with respect to the input of heat to the earth's surface, and is silent with respect to the other budget items of heat income, storage, and outgo. Yet it deserves better consideration than the usual dismissal as another example of a wrong direction taken in science by the Greeks. Of perhaps equal importance with sun angle is the length of day, with its inverse relation to sun angle as latitude increases and its direct relation in extra-tropical latitudes as the seasons change through the year. The fact that in summer the low sun angle in high latitudes is compensated by the long day has been known qualitatively for a long time. Recent measurements show the closeness of this compensation, which contributes to a surplus of whole-spectrum radiation that in midsummer is about the same at all latitudes. The direct connection of sun angle and length of day at a given place, as one follows the seasons through the year, is exemplified in many religious festivals: some celebrate the change in sun height and others the increase in length of day. Bailey (1964)° points out the utility of differentiating climate in terms of length of day. Medieval maps showed length of day at the solstice, so users could interpret the pattern in terms of changes in sun angle poleward, or through the year, and thus derive a general idea of heat input to any region of interest. The disposition of this solar heat was little considered. One purpose in bringing forest wildernesses under man's control, Buffon said, according to Glacken ( 1960), was to conserve solar heat by letting it reach the ground. This would delay the inevitable time when the * References are listed at end of this article. VOLUME 30 1 YEARBOOK 1 1968125 heat of the earth's interior would be dissipated and the earth made uninhabitable. Some of this medieval view of forests as..." @default.
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• W1967007146 title "Development of the Heat Budget Concept" @default.
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