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• W1967886543 abstract "The Languages of Losing Battles Eben E. Bass Eben E. Bass Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania Notes 1. Ruth M. Vande Kieft in Eudora Welty (Boston: Twayne, 1987), sees the contrast somewhat differently: the idea of progress, change, has been Miss Julia's 'historical' commitment. In contrast is the family's mythical or archetypal mode of existence, which is cyclical and repetitive, binding members of the clan together for mutual support (pp. 156-57). Wade Hall, in a comment Welty approved, remarks the accurate use of folk language whereby Welty presents her major theme: human personality is ultimately unknowable, but it can be better perceived through the actions and speeches of a family at a reunion than through the statistics of the courthouse. Cited in Victor H. Thompson, Eudora Welty: A Reference Guide (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1976), p. 106. 2. Losing Battles (New York: Random House, 1970), p. 63; hereafter cited parenthetically in the text. 3. In Louise Westing's words, Jack Renfro is doted upon by all the women in Losing Battles. . . . Men are seen through the eyes of women, and stability and authority are fixed in women's relationships and rituals. See The Loving Observer in One Time, One Place, MQ, 39 (1986), 601. 4. Julia's prototype is Miss Duling, described in Eudora Welty's One Writer's Beginnings (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1984), pp. 22-23. A beautiful, high-spirited young lady, well-educated, Miss Duling came from Kentucky because of the challenge of the poorly-funded schools of Mississippi; she taught three generations of Jacksonians. A civic power, she demanded reforms from the mayor and professional leaders; and she proposed the spelling match between the fourth grade of Davis School and the Mississippi legislature. 5. In Beginnings (p. 13), Welty says that a talkative friend supplied the mode for the early story Why I Live at the P. O. An elaborate feminist analysis of the multiple voices in Welty's The Golden Apples appears in Patricia S. Yaeger's Eudora Welty and the Dialogic Imagination, PMLA, 99 (1984), 955-972. 6. Vande Kieft lists other biblical allusions not discussed here, such as likening the school bus to Noah's ark. Each allusion shows the family's need for an appropriate emblem, a physical object to personify some abstract religious concept. When Mr. Renfro carries two halves of his watermelon like the tablets of the Ten Commandments, the curved top of the tablets is like the shape of the watermelon, and the seeds look like the mysterious letters of the Jewish alphabet. Nevertheless, Gloria is force-fed watermelon to prove she is one of the family—and hence a sacred emblem is put to local, practical, comic use; she is ordered to say that she's a Beecham (p. 269). 7. As a Sojourner, she is a homeless woman who lived around. Grandpa Vaughn sent Rachel away when he sensed his grandsons' attraction to her. In Welty's The Golden Apples Mattie Will Holifield's maiden name is also Sojourner; she enlivens her dull marriage through fantasy couplings with Zeus-like King McLain. Furthermore, the prophet Nathan's parable of the poor man's ewe (Rachel = ewe) being taken away from him by a rich man dramatizes to King David his sin of stealing Bathsheba from her husband. 8. In her foreword to One Time, One Place: Mississippi in the Depression (New York: Random House, 1971) Welty remarks of the photographs of people she took in Mississippi in the 1930's, in my subjects I met often with the same high spirits, the same joy. Trouble, even to the point of disaster, has its pale, and these defiant things of the spirit repeatedly go beyond it, joy the same as courage (p. 6). At the end of Losing Battles Jack sings the harvest hymn, despite the rain-spoiled crop, and the earlier drought that spoiled almost everything else. Even though the words of a hymn are printed in a song book, they don't come alive until they are spoken or sung, until they become oral. Copyright © 1993 Northeastern University" @default.
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• W1967886543 title "The Languages of Losing Battles" @default.
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