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• W1968525077 startingPage "446" @default.
• W1968525077 abstract "Vitamin A (retinol) is found in foods of animal origin in the form of retinyl ester, or in fruits and vegetables as carotenoids with provitamin A activity, especially β-carotene. Inside the enterocytes, retinol binds to cellular retinol-binding protein, type II (CRBPII), which directs its esterification by the enzyme lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT). β-Carotene may undergo central or eccentric cleavage with the formation of retinoids, or may be released into the circulation unchanged. The retinyl esters synthesized, as well as β-carotene that has not undergone cleavage, are incorporated into chylomicrons and taken up mainly by hepatocytes. In the liver, retinol may be stored in stellate cells as retinyl esters, be oxidized to retinoic acid, or be liberated toward target cells bound to retinol-binding protein (RBP). All-trans retinoic acid and its 9-cis isomer have binding affinity for nuclear receptors that activate transcription and that bind as dimers to specific nucleotide sequences present in promoters of target genes. Retinoids also modulate gene expression acting at the posttranscriptional level. The existence of nuclear receptors of β-carotene has not been reported thus far. However, it has been demonstrated that β-carotene can also modulate gene expression. Information about the metabolism of retinoids and of β-carotene has also had important repercussions from a clinical viewpoint, such as the administration of all-trans retinoic acid to patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia." @default.
• W1968525077 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1968525077 creator A5034193431 @default.
• W1968525077 creator A5069558926 @default.
• W1968525077 date "1998-08-01" @default.
• W1968525077 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W1968525077 title "Natural retinoids and β-carotene: from food to their actions on gene expression" @default.
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